1. Analysis of examination contents:

The human understanding of the universe is deepening

The universe is material and moving

The existing forms of matter in the universe: celestial bodies (for example, stars, etc.; There are also gas and dust in interstellar space)

Celestial bodies attract each other and revolve around each other: celestial system

The hierarchy of celestial system: Earth-Moon system-solar system-Milky Way-total galaxy

Extragalactic galaxy-total galaxy

The earth is an ordinary and special planet in the solar system, and its cosmic environment, Reasons for the existence of life on earth

solar system map: classification of nine planets according to their structural characteristics and their respective members (generality of the earth)

location of asteroid belt

comet

central celestial body: sun (with the largest mass)

reasons for the existence of life on earth (particularity of the earth)

reasons for the cosmic environment: nine planets have their own ways and interact with each other. The reason why the sunlight is stable < P > the earth itself: the suitable distance between the sun and the earth; Appropriate volume and mass

The energy source of the sun and its great influence on the earth

Source: nuclear fusion in the center of the sun

Influence: it is the main driving force of water, atmosphere and biological circulation in nature; Energy of production and life (solar energy and fossil fuel)

Influence of sunspots and flares on the earth

Stratification of solar atmosphere Comparison of solar activity types on the earth

The number and size of sunspots in the photosphere are signs of the strength of solar activity. The correlation between climate: precipitation and sunspot number interferes with the ionosphere, affecting short-wave communication, interfering with the earth's magnetic field and causing magnetic storms

The strongest solar activity display of chromosphere flare; However, they often appear together, with an active period of 11 years < P > the direction and period of the earth's rotation < P > the direction of rotation: from east to west; The north pole is counterclockwise; Clockwise

cycle of Antarctic: the cause of a sidereal day

diurnal alternation and local time-one of the phenomena produced by the earth's rotation; the meaning and location of terminator line

the concept of solar height: the solar height in the day hemisphere and the night hemisphere? The height of the sun on the terminator line =

The cycle and significance of day-night alternation: one solar day (24 hours)

The local time is different at different longitudes

It rotates from west to east: the local time is early in the east and late in the west; The local time difference of every 15 longitudes is 1 hour

The influence of the geostrophic deviatoric force on the horizontally moving objects on the surface-the third phenomenon caused by the earth's rotation

The left deviation of the southern hemisphere; Right deviation in the northern hemisphere; Unbiased at equator

Influence: wind direction; Ocean current; Scouring and sediment accumulation on both banks of the river

Direction, orbit, period and intersection angle of the earth

Direction of revolution: same rotation

Orbit of revolution: nearly perfect ellipse; Location and approximate date of perihelion and apohelion

Period: 1 sidereal year

Change of speed: perihelion is the fastest; The apohelion is the slowest

the ecliptic angle (reflecting the relationship between rotation and revolution)

Pay attention to the stereogram and plan of the ecliptic angle:

Understand the important points, lines, planes, angles and their relationships on the diagram. It is also required to be able to draw and describe

the axis of the earth, the terminator line, the equatorial plane, the ecliptic plane, the tropic of cancer, the south arctic circle, the direct sunlight (point)

the relationship between the ecliptic angle and the orbital inclination of the axis

the influence of the ecliptic angle: the movement of the direct sunlight point on the surface-the time distribution change of the surface solar radiation

to clarify the direct sunlight. There are two direct shots between the lines)

What changes will be caused by the change of the angle of intersection between the yellow and the red?

"dichotomy to map"

The position of the earth and the corresponding date and solar terms, the direction of revolution, the direction of the earth axis, the approximate position of the perihelion and the change of revolution speed

1. The formation of the four seasons and five belts

The geographical phenomenon caused by the earth's revolution

The annual change of the sun's altitude angle at noon:

The distribution law of different latitudes on the same day: from the direct point. Around December 22nd? )

Annual variation of the length of day and night:

The day in the hemisphere where the direct point is located is longer than the night, and the higher the latitude, the longer the day

The day in the hemisphere where the direct point moves gradually becomes longer

Around June 22nd, the northern hemisphere? —— The longest day is the shortest night at all latitudes in the northern hemisphere, and there are extreme days in and around the Arctic Circle < P > Around December 22nd, in the northern hemisphere? —— The shortest day and the longest night are found in all latitudes in the northern hemisphere, and there are polar nights in and around the Arctic Circle < P > Spring and Autumn Equinox? -divide the equator equally around the world day and night

? —— Divide the day and night equally throughout the year

Division of four seasons: (the mid-latitude is obvious)

Seasonal changes of the height of the sun and the length of day and night at noon —— the time with the highest sun and the longest day is astronomical summer

The time with the lowest sun and the shortest day is astronomical winter

Spring and autumn are the transitions

Three seasons; Division of

five zones in 24 solar terms:

Latitude distribution of day and night length and solar height-solar radiation decreases from low latitude to high latitude-five zones form

five zone boundaries and their respective phenomena; Five zones are the basis of climate division and natural zone division

11. Significance and present situation of space exploration < P > Understand the cosmic environment of the earth; Developing cosmic resources (space resources and characteristics, solar energy resources, mineral resources)

II. Analysis of examination questions

The content of this unit accounts for about 1% of the 1 points in the HKCEE;

The first question in the comprehensive examination questions comes from this unit;

1. Please practice with reference to the examples in the Notes to the Examination:

The third and first examples of P1 in Appendix I; Appendix II, Volume II of P29, Appendix III, Volume II of P53, 1

2. The basic points to be grasped in this unit's comprehensive questions are:

the terminator line, the night hemisphere, the Tropic of Cancer, the South Arctic Circle, the ecliptic plane, the equatorial plane

the direction of rotation and revolution

the date and the position of the direct point of solar terms

, Latitude distribution law of global noon sun height on that day

noon sun height at each point in the map

day and night length at each point in the map and its future changes

comparison of day length at each point in the map, and how long is the day length at the polar circle and the equator

change of revolution speed

Related knowledge points:

When will the flag be raised in Beijing at 6 o'clock in the morning? (b, D)

At what stage is the figure of Beijing growing? (from a to C)

When the earth moves to point A (or point C):

What are the climate characteristics of the Mediterranean? (Dry heat-summer/warm and humid-winter) Because it is controlled by (subtropical high/westerly wind)

The tropical grassland in northern Africa presents a (lush green/yellow) landscape, because it is controlled by (equatorial low pressure/trade winds)

The climate in Beijing at this time is characterized by (high temperature, rainy/cold and dry). Mainly because of the influence of (southeast monsoon/northwest monsoon)

the force on the Eurasian continent (Asian low pressure/Asian high pressure) is strong

East Asia blows (southeast wind/northwest wind), and the reason is (thermal difference between land and sea)

South Asia blows (southwest wind/northeast wind). The reason is that (the southeast monsoon moves northward across the equator to the right and turns into the seasonal movement of the southwest monsoon or the wind belt in the pressure belt/the reason why the northeast wind blows in winter is the thermal difference between land and sea)

The circulation in the North Indian Ocean is (clockwise-seawater flows eastward-because southwest wind blows/counterclockwise-seawater flows westward-because northeast wind blows)

When the earth revolves to point (A/C), The salinity in the sea area near the Yangtze estuary is the highest (low/high)

When the earth moves from D to A, the Pearl River and the Yangtze River are in flood season (due to rain supply in rainy season)

From A to B, the Yellow River (rainy season comes) and the Tarim River are in flood season (most glacier melt water in summer)

Unit 2 Atmospheric environment

I. Analysis of examination contents

Function of ozone and solid impurities

Composition of the lower atmosphere: dry and clean air with stable proportion (mainly oxygen and nitrogen), water vapor with unstable content, solid impurities

nitrogen-basic component of organisms

oxygen-essential substance for life activities

carbon dioxide-raw material for photosynthesis; Heat preservation function

Ozone-the protective umbrella of life on earth, absorbs ultraviolet rays

water vapor and solid impurities-forming clouds to cause rain; Impurities: condensation nuclei

2. The vertical stratification of the atmosphere and the influence of each layer on human activities < P > The stratification of the atmosphere changes with the height, and other characteristics of airflow are related to human beings < P > The higher the troposphere, the lower the convection accounts for 3/4 of the air quality; Water vapor and dust; The inconsistent weather phenomenon at different latitudes < P > The higher the stratosphere, the higher the advection and high altitude flight; There is ozone layer

There is ionosphere in the upper atmosphere (radio communication; Solar activities interfere with short-wave communication

3. Heating process of the atmosphere

(1) Fundamental energy source: solar radiation (wavelength range of all kinds of radiation and the nature of solar radiation-short-wave radiation)

(2) Heating process of the atmosphere (thermal action of the atmosphere)-the sun heats the earth, and the earth heats the atmosphere

Weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation: three forms and their effects. Atmospheric radiation (infrared long-wave radiation)

The process of heat preservation: the atmosphere strongly absorbs long-wave radiation on the ground; Atmospheric inverse radiation returns heat to the ground (illustration and example-such as frost occurrence time; Comparison of daily temperature difference)

The significance of heat preservation: reducing the daily temperature difference; Ensure the suitable temperature of the earth; Maintaining the global heat balance

4. Causes of vertical and horizontal motion of the atmosphere

(1) The root cause of atmospheric motion: uneven cold and hot (between latitudes; Between land and sea)

(2) the form of atmospheric movement:

the simplest form: thermal circulation (diagram and explanation); Example: suburban wind; Sea-land wind; Main reason of monsoon

decomposition of thermal circulation: uneven cold and heat causes vertical motion of the atmosphere

horizontal pressure difference

horizontal air flow from high pressure to low pressure

horizontal motion (wind) of the atmosphere:

root cause of wind formation: uneven cold and heat

direct cause of wind formation: horizontal pressure difference (or horizontal pressure gradient force)

three forces affecting wind: horizontal pressure gradient. Geostrophic deflection; Surface friction

Determination of wind direction: 1. Force wind (theoretical wind)-perpendicular to isobar, with high pressure pointing to low pressure. 2. Force wind (high altitude wind)-parallel to isobar, with north right deviation and south left deviation. 3. Force wind (actual surface wind)-obliquely crossing isobar, with north right deviation and south left deviation

Pay attention to the actual surface pressure in the northern hemisphere. 3-6 mid-latitude circulation; 6-9 high latitude circulation < P > The surface forms 7 pressures and 6 winds: the ideal pattern of zonal distribution (zonal) < P > The dry and wet conditions of each pressure belt (low pressure and humidity; High pressure drying)

the wind direction and dry and wet conditions of each wind zone (trade winds are generally dry; The westerly wind is wet)

polar front: near 6 degrees, the pressure belt and wind belt formed by the meeting of prevailing westerly wind and polar easterly wind move with the seasonal north-south movement of the sun's direct point

(4) the influence of land-sea distribution on the pressure belt and wind belt: the actual surface condition (blocky)

The most important influence: the performance of land-sea thermal difference

(atmospheric activity center). Pacific high

Northern Hemisphere January (winter): Eurasia-Asia high; The low pressure in the Pacific Ocean

(5) Monsoon circulation (pay attention to the diagram) < P > Concept understanding: it is an integral part of global atmospheric circulation; The most typical East Asian monsoon < P > The cause of the monsoon: < P > The main reason-the thermal difference between land and sea (can explain the winter and summer monsoon in East Asia; South Asia's winter monsoon)

The cause of South Asia's summer monsoon-the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere moves northward across the equator and turns to the southwest wind (or, in a nutshell, the seasonal movement of the pressure belt and the wind belt)

The influence of the monsoon: the * * * characteristics of the monsoon: the same period of rain and heat; The precipitation varies greatly in seasons and is prone to droughts and floods < P > Two monsoon climates in East Asia and their respective distribution areas (bounded by Qinhuai Line); Their respective climatic characteristics < P >-temperate monsoon climate: monsoon region north of Qinhuai; Winter is dry and cold; Hot and humid summer < P >-subtropical monsoon climate: monsoon region south of Qinhuai; Mild winter with little rain; Humid heat in summer

-the wind direction of the two monsoon climates in East Asia is the same in winter and summer, and the causes are the same

-pay attention to the distribution of air pollution enterprises in the industrial layout of cities in monsoon areas. Tropical monsoon climate in South Asia:

-high temperature all year round, The alternate monsoon region of dry season (controlled by northeast monsoon) and rainy season (controlled by southwest monsoon) is the main distribution region of rice planting in the world

-monsoon climate region of East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia and tropical rain forest climate region of Southeast Asia

6. The relationship between atmospheric circulation and water and heat transport is a summary of the role of atmospheric circulation

(1) Global atmospheric circulation:

It promotes the relationship between high and low latitudes.

adjusted the global distribution of water and heat;

It is an important factor in weather change and climate formation in various places

(2) The causes of several important climates:

Mediterranean climate:

the west coast of the mainland between 3-4 latitude north and south; Winter is controlled by the west wind, which is warm and humid; Summer is controlled by subtropical high, with dry heat < P > savanna climate: < P > 1-2 degrees north and south latitude; High temperature throughout the year, controlled by equatorial depression in rainy season and trade winds in dry season

temperate maritime climate:

the west coast of the mainland between 4-6 latitude north and south; Controlled by the west wind all year round, the climate is warm and humid < P > Tropical rain forest climate: < P > near the equator; It is hot and humid all year round, and it is controlled by equatorial low pressure all year round

Three monsoon climates: (see the above analysis)

7. Characteristics of weather systems such as frontal, low pressure and high pressure

Frontal system

Frontal category icon indicates the location of weather and precipitation when the weather is in transit before the transit

Cold front and warm air mass control: sunny; Cold wave in winter after low air pressure, cloudy day, rain, windy and cooling front; Summer rainstorm in northern China < P > Warm front cold air mass control: sunny; Pressure high continuous precipitation front

low pressure (cyclone) and high pressure (anticyclone) system

pressure: high and low pressure

airflow: cyclone and anticyclone

Figure: can judge; Draw the wind direction

center pressure, horizontal airflow direction, vertical airflow direction, center weather conditions, for example, other influences

Cyclone is low in the north, and it rains in the south, and the Asian low pressure forms a front along the trough line

Anti-cyclone is high in the south, and it is sunny in the north, and the Asian high

Frontal cyclone (important! )

requirements: identification of each weather system on the map;

different places are controlled by the weather system and weather phenomena

8. Influence of geographical location, atmospheric circulation, topography and other factors on climate

8-1 Analysis of climatic factors

Geographical location

A latitude location: the most basic reason for determining solar radiation-determining heat or temperature

B land and sea location:

oceanity