The consumption level in Guangdong is actually not high, because competition in many service industries is fierce, resulting in prices close to the real level. In addition, consumers are relatively rational in their consumption. Therefore, friends from other places think that Guangdong is Consumption is affordable. If it is home appliances, prices for similar products are even lower than in mainland China.

Wage levels in Guangdong vary widely, and this problem is too widespread. However, if your requirements are not very high and you are not afraid of hard work (assuming your academic qualifications are average), it is not difficult to find a salary of 1,000 yuan in Guangzhou and Shenzhen, but whether you are satisfied with it or not is another matter. One thing.

In Shanghai, the per capita income is 9,657 yuan;

In the first half of this year, the disposable income of urban residents in Hangzhou and Ningbo increased steadily, with per capita incomes of 9,055 yuan and 9,381 yuan respectively. It ranks fifth and fourth among the 36 large and medium-sized cities in the country. At the same time, in the first half of the year, residents' consumption expenditures in Hangzhou and Ningbo were 6,989 yuan and 5,655 yuan respectively, ranking third and sixth among 36 large and medium-sized cities in the country.

Shenzhen has the highest income, with a per capita of 14,651 yuan; followed by Shanghai, with a per capita of 9,657 yuan; third is Guangzhou, with a per capita of 9,521 yuan; and sixth is Beijing, with a per capita of 8,845 yuan. . Cities with per capita income above the average include Xiamen (8,443 yuan), Nanjing (7,813 yuan) and Jinan (6,773 yuan). Cities with the highest consumption levels include Shenzhen (9,578 yuan), Guangzhou (7,345 yuan), Shanghai (6,623 yuan) and Beijing (6,249 yuan).

1. Analysis of changes in residents’ consumption levels in Zhejiang Province

(1) Selection of variables and model data relationship forms

Based on the concept of consumption function proposed by Keynes , it can be seen that there is a stable relationship based on experience between consumption and expenditure. For consumers, the main factor that determines their consumption behavior is the consumer’s actual income. As income increases, consumption will increase, but the growth of consumption is lower than the growth of income, that is, the marginal propensity to consume is diminishing. Usually the consumption function can It is expressed in the following simple model form:

In the model, the coefficient β is the marginal propensity to consume (that is, the ratio of new purchasing power to new income), which reflects the growth of consumer demand after changes in income levels. amplitude. represents the income of residents, and represents the consumption expenditure of residents.

When studying changes in the consumption level of residents in Zhejiang Province, the author selected the time series data of the per capita monthly living expenses and per capita monthly consumption expenditure of urban residents in Zhejiang Province from 1994 to 2002 (Table 1), and plotted it as shown in the figure The scatter plot shown in 1. It can be seen from Figure 1 that there is a very significant correlation between the per capita monthly living expenses income of urban residents and the per capita monthly consumption expenditure.

Table 1 Monthly per capita disposable income and consumption of urban residents in Zhejiang Province

(2) Parameter estimation and testing

Establish Zhejiang based on Keynesian consumption function model Consumption function of provincial urban residents.

Using the above sample data and eviews software to conduct regression analysis, the consumption function of per capita consumption of urban residents in Zhejiang Province is:

(The data in brackets are the test values ??of the parameters, The same below)

Among them: ZC is the monthly per capita consumption expenditure of residents; SR is the per capita disposable income of residents.

Figure 1 Monthly per capita disposable income and per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents in Zhejiang Province from 1994 to 2002

The above results show that the monthly per capita marginal propensity to consume of urban residents in Zhejiang Province is 0.6192 , that is, for every additional 1 yuan of net income, 0.6192 yuan is spent on consumption. This satisfies

and is fully consistent with the economic test of Keynesian consumption function.

R2 is 0.9849, indicating that the sample fit of the model is very strong; the F value is 455.9, which is a large value, indicating that the equation is highly significant and the model has strong explanatory power; the t of parameter β The statistical value is very high, and the t-statistic value of the constant term α can also pass the test, indicating that the variables in the equation are significant. DW, the value test passes, and the model has no serial autocorrelation.

The following test for heteroscedasticity adopts the Grieser test method and uses the least squares method to simulate the following regression equation:

The significance of the variable is low, and the overall significance of the release and fitting degree are both very low, so it is believed that there is no obvious linear relationship mentioned above, which further indicates that there is no heteroskedasticity in the original model.

Therefore, zc=118.9058 0.191191SR can be used as the consumption function of urban residents in Zhejiang Province. From the coefficient of the explanatory variable of this function, we can see that the marginal consumption propensity of urban residents in Zhejiang Province is 0.6192.

II. Changes in the consumption structure of urban residents in Zhejiang Province

(1) Establishment of consumption structure model

According to the "Zhejiang Province Statistical Yearbook" (1994~2003) The data (Table 2) provided in the year) establishes the relationship between the consumption expenditure of urban residents in Zhejiang Province and food, housing, entertainment and cultural services, equipment, supplies and services. The selected model is:

where Yg refers to The amount of per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents in year t for item j; Xt represents the per capita disposable income of urban residents in year t;

It is called the elasticity of demand for item j.

Table 2: Consumption structure of urban residents in Zhejiang Province from 1994 to 2002

(2) Parameter estimation and testing

Using the above sample data and eviews software Through regression analysis, the consumption structure function of per capita consumption of urban residents in Zhejiang Province is:

Through the above analysis data, it can be seen that except for the goodness of fit of equipment, supplies and services, which is 0.22, the rest of the fittings are excellent. The degrees are all above 0.8, indicating that the goodness of fit of the equation is good, and the F test can also pass, indicating that the equation is significant. The T statistic value meets the requirements, indicating that the variables in the equation are significant.

The model can pass economics, statistics and econometric tests and meets the requirements. This shows that consumers’ disposable income has a significant linear impact on these four types of consumer expenditures. Therefore, it is feasible to use this model to analyze the main consumption structure of urban residents in Zhejiang Province.

(3) Economic analysis

Through the model observation results, it was found that when disposable income increases, the income elasticity of the four major consumer demands are all positive, indicating that with increasing disposable income As the income of urban residents in Zhejiang Province increases, the demand for consumption will also increase, but the focus of consumption is different. The demand elasticity of urban residents in Zhejiang Province for food, equipment, supplies and services is relatively low, while the demand for housing and entertainment and cultural services is relatively high. This shows that as income increases, ordinary urban residents are not eager to improve the quality of food, equipment, supplies and services, but spend more on housing investment and entertainment and culture. Housing has the highest income elasticity of demand, followed by entertainment and cultural services, equipment, supplies and services, and food. In other words, urban residents are most sensitive to the demand for housing, and their consumption expenditure will occupy a larger share as their income increases. Of course, the factors that change the consumption structure are complex and mainly depend on the income level. Only when the income level reaches a certain height, the consumption structure of urban residents will change significantly.

3. Comprehensive analysis of the consumption level and structure of urban residents in Zhejiang Province

(1) Rationality of consumption

The level of consumption structure of urban residents in Zhejiang Province is positive Gradually improving, it has transformed from a subsistence type to a well-off type. Specifically, there are the following aspects:

1. The proportion of food has decreased and the quality of consumption has improved. As the income of urban residents continues to increase, urban residents begin to pay attention to and improve their dietary structure. The quantity of staple food consumed decreases, while the quality and grade of consumption increase. The diet gradually develops in the direction of diversification, health care and nutrition, and scientific diet.

2． Housing consumption has grown rapidly, mainly used to expand living area and beautify interior decoration, and the quality level has improved.

3． Consumption of entertainment, education, and cultural services increased significantly. Comparing 2002 with 2000, this category of consumer spending increased by 53%.

4． Equipment, supplies and services also increase with the increase in income, but the growth rate is lower than that of housing and entertainment, cultural and educational services.

(2) Problems in Consumption

The consumption quality of urban residents in Zhejiang Province has improved, and the consumption structure has also been greatly improved, but there are still some unreasonable places. , mainly manifested in the following aspects:

1. Although the Engel coefficient has been declining year after year, food expenditure is still too large, and the internal consumption structure is not reasonable. The disposable income of residents increased by 26% in 2002 compared with 2000, but the Engel coefficient has hardly changed, and the lower and lowest income groups declines more slowly.

2． The proportion of expenditures on housing, entertainment, cultural and educational services is too low. Housing is an extremely important and expensive consumer item and should account for a considerable proportion of consumer spending. There was an increase in 2002 compared with 1998, but it still only accounted for 6.3% of the total expenditure, while foreign countries generally accounted for about 15%. This is because before the housing reform, housing was distributed almost free of charge as welfare, but after the housing commercialization reform, there was a certain gap between the limited purchasing power of residents and the expensive housing prices. The number of home buyers was relatively small, and the expenditure on entertainment, cultural and educational services was only It rose from 9.84 in 1998 to 12.01 in 2002.

IV. Suggestions for improving consumption levels and improving consumption structure

(1) Vigorously develop productivity and increase residents’ income

The higher the productivity level, the more material products will be The richer it is, it will provide a material basis for improving the consumption structure, and the increase in residents' income will directly affect the improvement of the level of the consumption structure.

(2) Promote various reforms in housing, medical care, elderly care, education, insurance, etc. to make all expenditures more reasonable

In particular, the housing commercial market should be improved and various unreasonable expenditures should be eliminated. Reasonable charges will lower house prices and promote the increase in housing sales, making housing truly a leading consumer product and a hot spot for consumption. Moreover, once housing sales increase, the expenditure on decoration will also continue to increase, which will affect the composition of consumer spending. changes.

(3) Establish a stable income control mechanism and narrow the income gap

The impact of the widening income gap on consumption, social stability and unity cannot be ignored. The income of high-income groups can be reduced through taxation; a social security system can be established to provide benefits and subsidies to lower-income people, especially those below the poverty line.

(4) Guide reasonable consumption and change residents’ consumption concepts

We should pay attention to the guiding role of public opinion, advocate civilized consumption behavior, scientific consumption methods, moderate consumption levels, and reasonable consumption. Consumption structure; at the same time, residents should also be encouraged to engage in spiritual and cultural consumption reasonably and scientifically, change residents' traditional consumption concept of living within their means, and enable residents to gradually accept the new concept of "credit consumption" in order to enhance consumption levels and promote the continuous improvement of consumption levels. .

According to data exchanged on the Yangtze River Delta City Statistical Survey Network, the overall living standards of residents in 16 cities continued to improve in the first three quarters of this year. While income grew rapidly, consumption also maintained a steady increase. The average consumption level in the Yangtze River Delta region is 8,888 yuan, which is 37% higher than the national average level of 6,480 yuan.

The per capita consumption expenditure of Nanjing residents is 9,261 yuan, ranking 8th among the 16 cities in the Yangtze River Delta.

From January to September, the per capita consumption expenditure of Nanjing residents was 9,261 yuan, which was slightly higher than the average level of 8,888 yuan in the Yangtze River Delta region, 1,437 yuan higher than the average level of 8 cities in Jiangsu, and 551 yuan lower than the average level of 7 cities in Zhejiang. Yuan, ranking 8th among the 16 cities in the Yangtze River Delta.

Among the seven cities in Zhejiang, those with higher consumption levels than Nanjing include Taizhou (12,274 yuan), Hangzhou (10,614 yuan), Shaoxing (9,611 yuan) and Ningbo (9,403 yuan), while those with lower consumption levels than Nanjing are Zhoushan (9,231 yuan) yuan), Jiaxing City (9142 yuan) and Huzhou (8409 yuan).

Among the eight cities in Jiangsu, the per capita consumption expenditure of Suzhou (9,432 yuan) and Changzhou (9,274 yuan) exceeds that of Nanjing, followed by Wuxi (8,406 yuan), Zhenjiang (6,973 yuan), Nantong (6,871 yuan), and Nanjing. Yangzhou (6287 yuan) and Taizhou (6096 yuan).

The consumption gap between regions is still obvious. Looking at the three major sectors of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, the per capita consumption expenditure in Shanghai has exceeded 10,000 yuan, reaching 10,923 yuan; the average of the seven cities in Zhejiang is also close to 10,000 yuan, reaching 9,812 yuan; and the per capita consumption level of residents in the eight cities in Jiangsu is 7,824 yuan, which is longer than The average level of the 16 cities in the triangle is 1,064 yuan less, 1,988 yuan less than the average level of the 7 cities in Zhejiang, and 3,099 yuan lower than Shanghai. Looking at the income gap between cities, Suzhou, which has the highest consumption level among the eight cities in Jiangsu, is 3,336 yuan higher than Taizhou, the lowest, while Taizhou, which has the highest consumption level among the seven cities in Zhejiang, is 3,865 yuan higher than Huzhou, the lowest. It can be seen that the overall level of residents' consumption expenditure in the eight cities in Jiangsu is still significantly lower than that in Shanghai and Zhejiang, but the consumption gap between cities is relatively small compared with Zhejiang.

In Shanghai, it costs about 1,300 per month, which is above the average level, and 1,000 is the common level. For my classmates in Tianjin, 800 per month is considered too much, and generally 600 is enough. Daqing is a bit more expensive than Tianjin, but since we are at home, many expenses are waived

If you travel alone, the cost in Tianjin is indeed very low

The fare in Shanghai is not expensive (the fare in Shanghai is The cost is astonishingly high)

Meals are not expensive, and its transportation, culture, technology, etc. are not inferior to Shanghai

And recently the country is going to develop Binhai New Area, and Tianjin has a bright future

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The overall consumer price level in Su Province increased by 3.1% year-on-year

Lanzhou Morning News (Reporter Cui Xueqian, intern Zhou Yuee) What citizens have felt most deeply this year is probably grain, oil, meat, poultry and eggs, etc. Prices of essential goods are rising. Under its influence, in May, our province achieved a total retail sales of consumer goods of 6.829 billion yuan, an increase of 1.543%; the overall consumer price level increased by 4% in that month, breaking through the internationally recognized warning line of 3%, reaching the highest monthly increase this year. The highest point. This reporter learned this from the Gansu Survey Team of the National Bureau of Statistics on June 20.

The survey shows that from January to May this year, our province’s total retail sales of consumer goods reached 32.461 billion yuan, an increase of 14.94% over the same period last year, and the growth rate accelerated by 1.98 percentage points year-on-year, which was the highest level in the same period in the past 10 years. .

According to the survey, from January to May this year, the overall consumer price level of residents in our province increased by 3.1% year-on-year, continuing to show an upward trend. Among the eight major categories of consumer prices, food and residential prices increased by 6.3% and 5.3% year-on-year respectively, becoming the main reason for the increase in consumer prices. Analysis believes that the rapid increase in residential prices in our province is mainly affected by three aspects: first, the increase in housing loan interest rates; second, affected by water and electricity price adjustments since last year, the province's residents' living water prices and electricity prices have increased by an average of 9.1 and 1% respectively. 3.9; Third, the strong demand for housing has caused sales prices to continue to rise, driving up the prices of building and decoration materials.

The salary level in the south is higher than that in Shandong. As far as I know, Hisheng and Huahai in Taizhou are developing rapidly. They are better known internationally than Qilu, Jining, Lukang, and Xinhua in Zibo in Jinan. , the prospects are also good! Moreover, Taizhou is located on the coast and has developed much faster than Jinan. It has become relatively large in just a few years!

Xinhuanet Tibet Channel, Lhasa, January 15 (Reporter Jia Lijun) Although more than 80% of the materials in the Tibet Autonomous Region are transported from the mainland, due to the effective measures taken by the government to closely monitor prices, the current total price in the entire autonomous region is The level remains basically stable.

Hao Peng, Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Executive Vice Chairman of the Autonomous Region, said that due to the influence of the national market, the prices of Tibetan refined oil, liquefied gas, non-staple food and other commodities have increased to varying degrees since last year. However, due to the The government has taken effective measures to closely monitor prices. In 2007, the consumer price increase in the entire autonomous region was 3.4%, which was far lower than the national average of 4.8%.

Hao Peng said that the current overall price level in Tibet remains basically stable and is consistent with Tibet's economic development situation. "The increase is controlled within the range that is adjustable and affordable for urban and rural residents."

According to reports, in terms of stabilizing prices, Tibet has mainly adopted measures such as strengthening organization and coordination, focusing on material supply, carrying out price monitoring and early warning, strengthening market supervision and inspection, as well as providing assistance to disadvantaged groups, agriculture and animal husbandry, and public * **Price subsidies have been implemented in transportation, rural passenger transport and other industries, which have effectively alleviated the impact of rising prices and the increase in national refined oil prices.

Tibet requires governments at all levels to attach great importance to price work and effectively implement the "rice bag" and "vegetable basket" commissioner (mayor) responsibility system. If the supply of important commodities is tight, out of stock, out of stock, and the price is caused by the failure to implement the policy, If there is a sharp increase, relevant departments and prefecture-level cities must make written reports to the People's Government of the autonomous region; if serious consequences are caused, the relevant leaders must be held accountable. Tibet also requires governments at all levels not to introduce price increases for public services, tourism fees, etc. in Taiwan for a considerable period of time. The autonomous region strives to control the increase in consumer prices within 3.5% and will ensure low prices through various subsidy measures. The living standard of income groups will not be reduced due to price increases. (End)