The full name of "logistics bank" refers to the pledge loan business of logistics bank, which refers to the comprehensive banking service business that banks provide banking services such as financing and valuation to small and medium-sized enterprises and customers by using the logistics information management system of powerful logistics companies as a credit condition with the popular logistics products in the market that meet the requirements in normal trade circulation as collateral. Because the general enterprise will mortgage the fixed assets to the bank in the early stage of production, the liquidity of the enterprise is insufficient in the later stage, and once the production scale is expanded, the problem of financial shortage will occur. This business is indeed a comprehensive banking service designed mainly for the lack of fixed mortgage assets for small and medium-sized enterprises.

As we all know, because of the single financing channel, bank loans have become the first choice for SMEs. However, problems such as high bank loan conditions, complicated procedures, and difficult mortgage guarantee have set many obstacles for enterprise financing. Enterprises want to develop, but their ability to create "blood" is not enough. What should SMEs do? One of the main reasons for the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises is the lack of effective guarantees and collateral. In view of the low information transparency and poor credibility of SMEs, banks must consider how to protect their own interests when providing loans to SMEs. Generally speaking, the cost for banks to judge the value of specific collateral is usually lower than the cost of the borrower's future cash flow. Effective guarantee and mortgage can not only reduce the probability of moral hazard of borrowers, but also greatly reduce the comprehensive cost of bank loans to SMEs. Therefore, providing effective guarantees and mortgages for SMEs is a necessary prerequisite for banks to provide loans to SMEs. Of course, banks are very strict with collateral, and their main preference lies in whether collateral can be transferred and sold smoothly and whether its price is stable. At present, domestic banks generally tend to mortgage real estate, because China's asset trading market is underdeveloped, and because banks lack the ability to identify and price other assets, such as machinery and equipment, inventory and accounts receivable. Moreover, these assets are easy to wear and tear, and their values fluctuate greatly. As mentioned above, most small and medium-sized enterprises are limited by the scale of operation, or because of the need of business strategy, they have less fixed assets and insufficient collateral such as land and houses, so it is generally difficult to provide collateral that meets the standards of banks, and their social credibility is not ideal. It is difficult to find a guarantor with compensatory ability that can reassure banks.

But at the same time, we should see that these enterprises have great potential in movable property resources, and each enterprise will have raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products in its hands. If these resources can be used as collateral, the financing situation will be very different. Among them, the mortgage financing of goods in these movables has a history of more than 200 years in European industrial enterprises, trading companies and banks. This is a mature capital operation, which is quite safe for the government and enterprises. Mortgage financing of goods is to transfer the rights of goods to banks in the process of transportation or storage of goods, and banks provide financing in a certain proportion according to market conditions. When the manufacturer, trader or transporter repays the financing amount to the bank, the bank issues a release order to the organization responsible for transportation or warehousing, and returns the goods right to the original owner. Of course, if the lender cannot repay the financing amount to the bank within the stipulated financing period, the bank can auction the goods held by the bank in the international and domestic markets. Mortgage financing of goods will enable the operation of logistics enterprises to get the support of foreign financial institutions, and then operate effectively without government guarantee. The advantage of this financing method is that the bank does not need the guarantee of the government or enterprises, but has mastered the ownership of the transportation and warehousing goods, that is, it has obtained the guarantee of financing. It also does not have the risk of operating futures, but takes physical objects as collateral. Mortgage financing of goods can increase the liquidity of enterprises and reduce the cost of import and export commodities, thus reducing the production cost of enterprises, accelerating the flow of funds and making logistics enterprises engaged in import and export commodities more competitive.

Due to the vigorous development of small and medium-sized enterprises, more and more financing channels are needed, and the gradual prosperity of China's logistics industry in recent years, the formal development of "logistics bank" business conforms to this demand, making a new breakthrough in financing for small and medium-sized enterprises and taking a solid step in chattel pledge.

2 Characteristics and functions of logistics banking business

This logistics banking business is the sublimation of China Merchants Bank business and chattel pledge business of Maoming Branch of Guangfa Bank in recent years. Compared with our existing chattel pledge business, this business has the characteristics of standardization, standardization, informationization, remoteness and universality:

(1) standardization: the quality and packaging standards of logistics products are checked and accepted by the logistics company according to the national standards and the standards agreed in the agreement;

(2) Standardization: all chattel pledges are kept by third-party logistics companies in accordance with unified and standardized pledge procedures to ensure the effectiveness of pledges;

(3) Informatization: All the storage of pledged goods is carried out with the help of the logistics information management system of the logistics company, and relevant business managers can inquire about the pledged goods through the Internet;

(4) Telemetry: With the help of the service network of logistics companies all over the country, it can ensure that banks can conduct business in different places all over the country, and can ensure the rapid remittance of funds and the timely delivery of logistics;

(5) Extensiveness: This business can serve customers in manufacturing, circulation, state-owned enterprises, private enterprises, joint-stock enterprises and large, medium and small enterprises. In short, as long as these enterprises have qualified logistics products, they can carry out this business.

Traditional enterprises usually mortgage loans to banks with fixed assets such as houses and automobiles, while "logistics banks" can mortgage movable things such as original products and finished products in addition to these mortgages. This kind of movable property generally includes steel, non-ferrous metals, cotton yarn, oil and other raw materials, while finished products include household appliances, ceramics, furniture and so on. As long as raw materials or finished products meet the pledge standards, they can be mortgaged. In this way, enterprises can revitalize all movable property, and the money originally used to buy raw materials can only be turned into cash after production and sales; But now, the raw materials are bought back and immediately turned into cash in the warehouse through financing. If this cash is used for other current purposes, it will increase the cash circulation rate and greatly promote the production of enterprises. This provides a new way for the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises. The reason why it was first launched in Foshan Branch is that there are many small and medium-sized enterprises in Foshan, and there are a large number of production enterprises with strong competitiveness, popular products and stable prices in the market. These products meet the conditions of mortgage credit, so such enterprise characteristics are the direction chosen by "logistics banks".

At the same time, in the financing of goods mortgage, it also involves the service of "logistics bank". All the goods sent by factories to dealers are pledged during transportation, which effectively combines companies, factories, banks and dealers to form a dynamic pledge model, which is equivalent to "mobile banking". For example, a small business enterprise A sells 750,000 yuan of goods in the sales cycle of 2 1 day. After adopting the financing mode of logistics bank, with 600,000 yuan as the deposit, 2 million bank acceptance bills were withdrawn to buy goods from the manufacturers, and the manufacturers sent the goods to the warehouse of the logistics company designated by the bank in the city where enterprise A is located, and the logistics company was responsible for the pledge supervision. After enterprise A deposits a supplementary deposit of RMB 6,543,800+0.5 million in the bank, the bank calculates the delivery quantity and informs the logistics company to send the goods to company A for sale on the same day. In this way, enterprise A completed the sales scale of 2 million yuan in 37 days, which took about 56 days to reach according to the original sales model, and the sales increased by nearly 50%.

In a word, several problems can be solved through "logistics bank": first, enterprises can effectively solve the capital problem; Secondly, the dealer guarantees to get the money. Through the information platform of logistics companies, banks can unify capital flow, information flow and cargo flow, and achieve a win-win situation for banks, manufacturers, distributors and logistics regulators.

3 logistics banking business development problems and solutions

As a new banking business, in order to improve, perfect and develop the logistics banking business, we must face and solve some problems in the corresponding operation. Based on my own understanding and understanding, the author puts forward the following related problems worth thinking about and corresponding solutions.

3. 1 Risks and preventive measures of developing logistics banking business

As mentioned above, the pledge loan business of "logistics bank" will indeed bring convenience to the financing and development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and will also bring greater market and profit returns to commercial banks, but opportunities also mean risks, so how to resist risks?

In practice, as a financial institution, how to reduce risks is the most important. Then the organization in charge of enterprise logistics should become the most direct and effective spokesperson. Enterprises have the ways of separation, merger, merger, reorganization, custody and joint venture to trade property rights and management rights, but the circulation channels as actual commodities remain unchanged. As an enterprise, what needs to be considered is how to revitalize the deposited funds. As a financial institution, banks should consider how to control risks. Then you need to know the specification, model, quality, original price and net value, sales area, underwriters, etc. The collateral and goods, we need to check the original certificate of power to distinguish authenticity. Then it is urgent to formulate the credit evaluation index system and financing access standards for SMEs, and at the same time, it is necessary to establish information collection standards and information databases so that SMEs can enjoy and feedback information well. In addition, the author also believes that an enterprise may undergo great changes in one day, and so do small and medium-sized enterprises.

3.2 The development of logistics banking business puts forward higher requirements for logistics enterprises.

To do a good job in this banking business, logistics enterprises, as the third party involved in the financing process, also put forward higher requirements: first, cost management after adding this business, second, some problems in information collection, and finally, claims settlement.

First of all, if a logistics enterprise provides a certain talent, material resources and information support system for this business, it is necessary to consider its cost calculation and performance evaluation, which is also very important for the benefit of an enterprise.

In view of this problem, the author thinks that enterprises should fundamentally change their business strategy in management, from logistics business cost management to logistics strategic management, and pursue the rationalization of social logistics. This rationalization of logistics cost saving from the whole process of logistics will inevitably control costs from a strategic perspective, and its impact will inevitably be longer, deeper and more stable than from the perspective of logistics business. In concrete operation, it is to establish reasonable logistics, that is, to achieve the highest service level with the lowest logistics cost, to seek the balance between cost and service, to maximize profits and to optimize the system. In addition, we should also pay attention to the cost management of logistics enterprise subsystems. As an internal system, all kinds of logistics should straighten out the logistics subsystem, choose the appropriate logistics mode, coordinate the relationship between logistics, reduce waste, improve work efficiency, introduce appropriate scientific and technological means, and choose the appropriate transportation mode to minimize the cost of the subsystem.

Secondly, we all know that information, especially customer information, has become an important resource in modern enterprise logistics. In order to have rapid logistics response ability, we must have some basic and real-time enterprise information databases. The fierce market competition requires the establishment of a certain restraint mechanism to ensure the security of information as a trade secret. This restraint mechanism is mainly to prevent information from being leaked artificially, which can be realized through professional ethics and corresponding laws and regulations. Meanwhile, the computer information monitoring system plays a very important role. Here, we have to mention the problem that enterprises resort to deceit or update information too slowly, causing losses to logistics enterprises and third parties. Because this business is also related to the interests of banks, this issue should be highly valued. Therefore, logistics enterprises should do a good job in consultation and communication with enterprises and banks to make the information smooth and accurate.

Finally, in the pledge of goods, the third-party logistics company can only release the goods after both the enterprise and the bank notify the enterprise in writing to pick up the goods and affix their official seals. If the bank or enterprise loses due to incomplete procedures, the third-party logistics enterprise shall be responsible.

3.3 Distribution of benefits in developing logistics banking business

Since the four parties win-win, it is necessary to consider how to distribute profits, mainly the profits of logistics directors, and others are direct or indirect beneficiaries. Reasonable distribution will promote the development of logistics industry.

The author thinks: firstly, logistics enterprises should choose enterprises with good profitability, meeting their own warehousing requirements, fast turnover of goods and broad business prospects in order to obtain more customer value; Second, the increased operating costs and labor costs due to the increase of this business should be accounted for clearly. If the capital planning is reasonable, we can take this business as an advantage to attract enterprises to cooperate with it.

4 conclusion

In order to solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises, since June 2004, the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Department of the National Development and Reform Commission and Guangdong Development Bank have jointly launched more than 20 new financing products to support small and medium-sized enterprises, such as logistics banking, corporate financial consultant, online banking, revolving loan of working capital, pledge of movable property, warehouse receipt pledge, credit granted by manufacturers' banks and discount of interest-bearing bills by buyers. At present, the logistics banking business is pledged by cash and national debt. It is understood that banks in many cities in Guangdong have started "logistics banking" business. Therefore, it can be believed that with the in-depth development of logistics banking business, it will open up a brand-new road for enterprise financing.