Brazil has the most perfect industrial system in Latin America and its economic strength ranks first in Latin America. Historically, Pakistan was once a country with a single agricultural economy, and sugar and coffee were its main cash crops. At the beginning of the 20th century, Brazil began the process of industrialization. Since 1950s, Brazil has implemented the "import substitution" economic model, relying on a large number of foreign debts to achieve economic take-off. Among them, the average annual economic growth rate of 1967- 1974 reached 1%, creating a "Brazilian miracle" and initially establishing a relatively complete industrial system. In the next 30 years, Pakistan suffered from foreign debt and inflation, and its economic development stagnated. 1In July, 1994, Brazil launched the "Real Plan", focusing on the linked exchange rate system, which successfully controlled the vicious inflation problem that has long plagued Pakistan's economic development, and made Pakistan's economy experience a period of steady growth from 1994 to 1997. However, the Pakistani government relies on borrowing to maintain the stability of the real exchange rate, and the twin deficits problem in the fiscal and current accounts is getting worse and worse, and its dependence on foreign capital is deepening sharply. During the period of 1999, Pakistan was forced to adopt a floating exchange rate system at the beginning of 1999 and turn to an economic policy centered on controlling inflation. This led to a sharp depreciation of the real against the US dollar. The domestic inflation rate has risen sharply in the short term. Thanks to the correct economic policies and strict fiscal adjustment measures implemented by the Pakistani government, Pakistan's economy has quickly embarked on the road of recovery. In 2000, the economic growth reached 4.46%, and inflation was basically controlled. 200 1 year, affected by the global economic downturn, the Argentine economic crisis and the domestic power crisis, Pakistan's economic growth rate is only 1.5 1%.
Second, the main economic indicators
The main economic indicators of Brazil in 2000 are as follows:
Gross domestic product:108.9 billion reais (about 595.85 billion US dollars).
Growth rate: 4.46%
The proportions of industry, agriculture and service industry in GDP were 33. 1%, 9. 1% and 57.8%, respectively, which were 4.79%, 2.90% and 3.6 1% higher than the previous year.
Per capita GDP: 6,560 reais (about 3,587 US dollars)
Growth rate: 3. 1%
Currency name: actual exchange rate (August 20, 2002): 1 USD =3. 10 R.
Inflation rate: 5.97% per year.
Average unemployment rate: 7. 1%
Third, agriculture and animal husbandry.
(1) Agriculture
Since1the early 1990s, Pakistan's agricultural output has greatly increased due to foreign low-interest loans and advanced production technology. At present, Brazil is a big agricultural producer and exporter in the world. Except for a few crops such as wheat, the main agricultural products can be self-sufficient and exported in large quantities. The output of coffee, sugarcane and citrus ranks first in the world, the output of soybean ranks second in the world, and the output of corn ranks third in the world. In 2000, Pakistan's national grain output was 85.9 million tons, an increase of 4.29% over the previous year. The output of main agricultural products in that year is as follows: lint: 1 187400 tons of sunflower seeds: 97400 tons.
Peanut: 17 16000 tons; Castor seed: 107400 tons.
Rice:1142310000 tons of corn: 3 1640500 tons.
Oats:1945438+00,000 tons of soybeans: 32,344,600 tons.
Barley: 369,000 tons of sorghum: 78 1.400 tons.
Mixed beans: 3.078 million tons of wheat: 1.62 1.700 tons.
(2) Animal husbandry
In recent years, due to the Pakistani government's active development and promotion of new technologies, Pakistan's animal husbandry has developed rapidly. According to the national census statistics of IBGE 1997, the total number of livestock (cattle, sheep and pigs) in Brazil is 2130,000, and the total number of poultry is 760 million. It is estimated that in 20001year, Pakistan's total meat export will reach US$ 654.38 billion, making it one of the major meat exporters in the world.
In August 2000, foot-and-mouth disease broke out in southern Pakistan, causing huge losses to Pakistan's meat exports. 10 from August to June, more than 100 sick animals were slaughtered in southern Banan 1 1000, resulting in a direct economic loss of 7.5 million reais. The Pakistani government has done a lot of work in eradicating foot-and-mouth disease. At present, most pastoral areas in central, western and southeastern Pakistan have been declared as foot-and-mouth disease-free areas.
Four. industry
Brazil's industrial strength and technology rank first in Latin America, and its main industrial sectors are: steel, automobile, shipbuilding, petroleum, cement, chemical industry, metallurgy, electric power, aircraft manufacturing, construction, textile, shoemaking, paper making, food and so on. Output of main industrial products:
Product output unit1999 output in 2000
Cement (10,000 tons) September, 2027.5955
Fertilizer (ten thousand tons) 742.6786.0
Crude steel (10,000 tons) 58861
Aluminium (ten thousand tons) 125.38+027.7
Pulp (10,000 tons) 720.4444.7
Paper (ten thousand tons) 688+0438+0.6
Cars (ten thousand vehicles) 13438+078+0.
Since the implementation of the Real Plan in Pakistan from 65438 to 0994, due to the overvaluation of the local currency, Pakistan's national industry has been impacted by imported products and its industrial development has slowed down. After the devaluation of 1999 real, the industry recovered and the aircraft manufacturing industry sprang up. Brazilian Aircraft Manufacturing Company has become the fourth largest aircraft manufacturing company in the world and the largest export enterprise in Pakistan.
Since June, 20001year, the power crisis occurred in Pakistan, and the government forced enterprises to reduce electricity consumption by 20%, which restricted the further expansion of industrial production.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) natural resources
The proven reserves of iron ore are 65 billion tons, ranking first in the world, and the output and export volume are also the first in the world. Iron ore has a high grade, most of which contains more than 60% iron. It is an open-pit mine. The reserves of uranium, bauxite and manganese ore rank third in the world. The proven reserves of niobium ore have reached 4.559 million tons, which is enough to supply the global market for 800 years according to the current global consumption. In addition, minerals such as barium, chromium, nickel, gold and asbestos are also abundant. The coal mine reserves are 230 tons, but they are all low-grade mines. The proven oil reserves are 5.4 billion barrels, oil shale is equivalent to 654.38+0.5 billion barrels, and natural gas is 233 billion cubic meters. The forest area is 4.42 million square kilometers, and the national forest coverage rate is 52%. The timber reserves are 65.8 billion cubic meters. Hydropower resources are abundant, and hydropower generation accounts for 92% of the country's total power generation.
Intransitive verb service industry
In 2000, the output value of Pakistan's service industry accounted for 57.8% of Pakistan's GDP, which played an important role in Pakistan's economic development. The service industry mainly includes banking, finance, telecommunications, real estate, tourism, insurance, advertising and media. [Tourism] Brazil is one of the top 10 foreign exchange earning countries in the world. Most tourists to Pakistan come from Latin America, Europe and the United States. From 65438 to 0998, the number of foreign tourists to Pakistan reached 4.8 million, and the income was about 36543809 billion US dollars, accounting for 3.5% of the GDP. At present, Pakistan has18,000 star-rated hotels, providing more than 300,000 rooms, and tourism provides 5.8 million direct and indirect employment opportunities. Rio, Sao Paulo, Brasilia, Amazon jungle, Iguazu Falls and Everglades are the main tourist attractions in Pakistan. In addition, the annual carnival float parade is a unique cultural tourist attraction in Pakistan.
After the devaluation of 1999 real, Pakistani citizens' outbound tourism declined obviously, but the government actively promoted citizens' domestic tourism, and tourists from neighboring countries increased, further developing Pakistan's tourism industry. The Pakistani government, composed of the Ministry of Tourism and Sports and the Brazilian National Tourism Corporation, is responsible for planning and managing major travel agencies, tour guides, hotels and tourist attractions throughout the country.
VII. Transportation and Telecommunications
[Highway] According to the investigation of Brazilian Ministry of Communications 1999, the total length of Brazilian highway is 1658 thousand kilometers, including asphalt pavement164,200 kilometers. Due to historical reasons, road transport is the main transport force in Pakistan, accounting for 96.3% and 63. 1% of the national passenger and freight volume respectively.
[Railway] The total length of the railway is 29,700 kilometers and the electrification rate is 7. 1%. Some sections have been abandoned, and 35% of the railways in China have been used for more than 60 years. In recent years, the proportion of railways in national transportation has increased slightly.
China has 44 major ports, including Sandars, Victoria, Rio, Paranagua and St. Louis. In addition, in order to facilitate the transportation of agricultural products, reduce export costs and promote the economic development in the northeast, Pakistan is building a number of new deep-water ports in the northeast that can dock ships of more than 10,000 tons. The annual inland river freight volume in Pakistan is about170,000 tons, which is mainly used to transport mainland agricultural products to coastal ports.
[Air Transport] There are 9 airlines in Pakistan, with all kinds of registered aircraft 10250, including nearly 200 large and medium-sized passenger aircraft. There are 150 national navigable cities and 7 10 public civil aviation airports, including 29 large airports (which can reduce Boeing 747 and other large passenger planes), with an annual passenger traffic of more than 20 million passengers. Sao Paulo and Rio International Airport are Pakistan's main air entry and exit ports, with flights connecting major countries and regions in the world. VARIG, its subsidiary Rio SUL and Northeast Airlines have an annual revenue of R $550 million, making it the largest aviation group in Pakistan. [Telecom] Brazil began to open the telecom market on 1997, and auctioned the telephone operation right in the form of bidding, which broke the market monopoly of Brazilian telephone company. At present, Pakistan's telecommunications industry has developed rapidly and has become one of the industries that attract the most foreign investment in Pakistan. Relying on Amazon Duty Free Industrial Zone, we export a large number of mobile phones and other communication products to America every year. By the end of 20001,there were 47.7 million fixed telephones and 287,000 mobile telephones in Pakistan.
Eight. Finance and finance
[Public Finance] In recent years, Pakistan's public finance has been in continuous deficit. After 1999, the Pakistani government carried out fiscal reform within its capabilities, and the government's primary fiscal surplus increased year after year. However, due to the heavy debt burden, the book fiscal deficit has not been improved. In 200 1 year, Brazil's public finances were completed as follows:
The total federal revenue is R $205.93 billion, and the primary fiscal surplus is R $43.655 billion, accounting for 3.75% of the gross domestic product (PIB) in the same period. Repay all kinds of debts and interest of 86.445 billion reais, accounting for 7.30% of PIB in the same period; The book fiscal deficit was 42.789 billion reais, accounting for 3.54% of PIB in the same period.
[Debt] Since 1994 Pakistan started the real plan, the government has been attracting investment at high interest rates to make up for the twin deficits of public finance and current account and maintain the stability of the real exchange rate. This policy has led to the expansion of Pakistan's debt. By the end of 20001,the total debt of Bagong * * * had reached R $660.9 billion, which was 59 11times of the original debt of the actual plan 1994. Excluding inflation, the debt increased by 355%. At the end of 20001,the debt of Brazil * * * accounted for 53.3% of GDP, and the amount of debt service in that year was 86.445 billion reais, accounting for 7.30% of GDP in the same period.
[Bank] Brazil's Ministry of Finance has a central bank, which is responsible for managing national financial affairs. The central bank plays the role of "lender of last resort" and does not engage in commercial operations.
The main state-owned policy banks are: Bank of Brazil, Federal Savings Bank and National Economic and Social Development Bank. There is no special export-import bank. The assets of major banks in Pakistan are ranked as follows:
Ranked bank assets (1 100 million reais)
Bank of Brazil 1) 1572.2
2.BRADESCO) 1 163.9+063.9
3. Itau Bank (ITAU) 1022.4
4. CAIXA ECONOMICA FEDERAL)993.7
5. Santander Bank) 637.0
6.UNIBANCO)580.7
7.ABN-AMRO Bank) 332.4
8. Boston Bank) 32 1.4
9, HSBC) 275.8
10 CITIBANK)
Nine. Trade payment balance
As the Brazilian government borrowed a large amount of foreign debt to develop its economy in the late 1960s, the foreign debt increased year by year. By the end of 2000, Brazil's total foreign debt had reached $265,438,069 billion. Since 1990s, successive Pakistani governments have pursued the open market policy. Over the years, the value of Barreal has been overvalued, which has led to a persistent deficit in Pakistan's foreign trade since 1994, and the current account deficit has increased year by year. At present, with the depreciation of the real, the foreign trade situation has improved slightly, but it still relies on foreign direct investment and external financing to make up the current account deficit. From 1999 to 200 1, Pakistan's balance of payments is as follows: (unit: billion US dollars)
Year 19992000200 1
International trade surplus-12.84-7.326.42
Service item savings–69.77–75.14-77.49
Foreign direct investment38866.68886861
Current account surplus -254.20-246.69-232.38+07
Balance of payments surplus -78.22-22.6233.07
[Foreign Trade] In the middle of the 20th century, Pakistan began to implement the import substitution development model, reducing imports with high tariffs and fostering domestic industrial development. Since the 1990s, successive Pakistani governments have implemented the foreign trade policy of market opening. Despite this, Pakistan's foreign trade has not improved, and there was a continuous deficit between 1994-2000.
200 1, Pakistan's foreign trade situation improved. The annual export was US$ 58.223 billion, the import was US$ 55.8/kloc-0.0 billion, and the trade surplus was US$ 2.64 billion.
The main import and export markets of Pakistan in 20001year and their proportion in Pakistan's total import and export are as follows:
Proportion of countries (regions) in Pakistan's total imports to Pakistan's total exports
EU 27.7% 23.3%
Americans 23.2% 28.4%
South * * * city 12.5% 8. 1%
Asia
[Foreign investment]
Since the implementation of the open market policy, especially since the 1990s, a large amount of foreign capital has flowed in every year, and the amount of foreign direct investment absorbed by Pakistan ranks second among developing China countries, only next to China. Foreign investment in Pakistan is mostly concentrated in the service industry, and the main areas of foreign investment are finance, insurance and telecommunications.
1996- 1998 Major foreign investors in Pakistan: (in billions of dollars)
1996 1997 1998
Country amount ratio * amount ratio amount ratio
United States19.7525.77% 43.8228.62% 46.9220.16%.
Spain 5.877.65% 5.463.56% 51.2022.00%
Portugal 2.032.64% 6.814.45%17.557
Netherlands 5.276.87%14.88 9.72% 33.438+04.46%
France
* The proportion of total foreign investment absorbed by Pakistan in that year was 65,438+0,996-65,438+0,998. The foreign investment (unit: US$ 1 billion) absorbed by various industrial sectors in Pakistan is 65,438+0,996,654,38+0,997,654,38+0,998.
Investment ratio of industrial sector, investment ratio, investment ratio
Agriculture, animal husbandry and mining1.1.44% 4.512.98%1.4240.4438+0%.
Industry17.422.70% 20.3438+03.30% 27.338+05438+0.89%.
Service industry 58.14975.86%128.5438+08683.72% 20.3687.50%
* Proportion of total foreign investment absorbed by Pakistan in that year.
Football is the mainstream of Brazilian cultural life. For Brazilians, football is both a sport and a culture. Whenever there are major domestic and international competitions, Brazilians often go to watch them with their families, sometimes even empty alleys. Almost everyone in Brazil is a fan. "People who don't know football can't be the president of Brazil, and they can't get high support rate." It's true. 1995 when president Cardoso came to power, the most popular thing was to appoint Pele as the sports minister. Before the World Cup in Korea and Japan in 2002, the Brazilian presidential election entered a white-hot stage, and several presidential candidates took visiting the national team training as an important means to win votes. No wonder Brazilians often say half jokingly, "We don't care whether a government is in power, as long as it can help us win the World Cup." The four-year presidential election seems to coincide with the intermission of the World Cup.
Brazilians also believe that Brazilian football culture naturally ranks among the world cultural heritage forests. Brazilians call football a "mass sport". Whether on the beach or on the streets of the city, people play football. Even in slums, children from poor families put their socks in paper barefoot and kick them as balls. Many famous Brazilian players started their football careers here. Brazil has a large number of football talents and a steady stream of excellent players, thanks to its system of discovering and cultivating talents. Brazilian football schools are all over the country, focusing on training children around 12 years old. All clubs in Brazil employ a group of experienced scouts with keen sense of smell, who are active in football schools and stadiums all the year round, and report to the club in time after discovering outstanding talents. After physical examination, testing and field observation, the club was finally selected. These effective means enable Brazilian players to give full play to their personalities on the court and improvise at will. Through romantic artistic features, they closely linked the impulse of football with human instinct, personality, strong enterprising spirit and desire for self-expression, and created a magical football culture. Samba is a national dance in Brazil. It added black music and dance to Portuguese and Indian music. It expresses people's desire for a free and romantic life with rough movements and passionate melodies. The romance and individuality of samba dance have been fully reflected in football, so people call Brazilian football "samba football".
Brazil is a developing country, and its people's living standard is only in the middle of the world, which determines that the income of players cannot be the same as that of Europe. At present, the average salary of players playing in the Brazilian first division is about 3,000 reais (about 1 1,000 US dollars) per month. There is a big wage gap between players. The starting player's monthly salary is only 65,438+0,000 reais, while the big-name star's monthly salary is about 30,000 reais, a difference of 30 times. Brazil implements a walking training system, and most players can consciously abide by discipline, work and rest on time, and form a good atmosphere.
Brazil's population is10.70 billion, of which whites account for 5 1%, mulattoes account for 40%, blacks account for 6%, Indians (yellow race) account for less than 1%, and some Asians (China, Japanese, etc. ) and all kinds of mixed-race children gather in Brazil, so Brazil is also called ".