1On July 7, 937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out, and the Japanese invaders launched a full-scale war of aggression against China. On July 8th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China electrified the whole country, calling for cooperation and national unity, establishing a national united front and resisting Japanese aggression.

Under the impetus of China's * * * production party, an anti-Japanese national united front based on ethnic cooperation was formally formed. The main force of the Red Army in northern Shaanxi and the Red Army and guerrillas who stayed in the south were reorganized into the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army (hereinafter referred to as the Eighth Route Army) and the newly compiled Fourth Army of the National Revolutionary Army (hereinafter referred to as the New Fourth Army) in August and June of the same year. ?

During the eight years in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China Producers' Party adhered to the principle of independence in the anti-Japanese national united front, relied on the comprehensive anti-Japanese line of the broad masses of the people, implemented the strategic policy of protracted war, opened up a vast battlefield behind enemy lines, established anti-Japanese democratic base areas behind enemy lines, and successively beat back three anti-Japanese climax launched by Kuomintang die-hards.

Under the leadership of the Party, the Eighth Route Army, the New Fourth Army and other people's anti-Japanese armed forces went deep into the enemy's rear to carry out arduous anti-Japanese guerrilla warfare, and fought against the enemy for more than125,000 times, including the famous Pingxingguan campaign and the Hundred Regiments War.

Under the banner of the anti-Japanese national united front, China's * * * Production Party has become the mainstay to resist Japanese imperialist aggression, and the people's revolutionary forces led by the Party have gained unprecedented growth in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, becoming the fundamental force to determine China's political future. 1945 In August, Japanese imperialism declared its unconditional surrender, and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of China, won a great victory.

In the anti-Japanese national United front, China's * * * production party has always adhered to the principle of independence and ensured the political leadership of the proletariat in the United front;

Insist on mobilizing the masses to carry out guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines, expand the anti-Japanese people's armed forces and anti-Japanese base areas, and establish a "three-thirds system" regime in the base areas, that is, in the distribution of regime personnel, party member (representing the working class and the poor peasants), leftist progressives (representing the petty bourgeoisie), centrists and other elements (representing the middle class and enlightened gentlemen) account for roughly one third each.

In view of the Kuomintang's passive anti-Japanese policy and active opposition to * * *, China's * * * production party adopted the general policy of "developing progressive forces, winning over the middle forces and isolating the die-hards", implemented the policy of "uniting and striving for unity through struggle", and adhered to the principle of "being rational, favorable and restrained" in the struggle against the die-hards, thus overcoming the anti-* created by the Kuomintang authorities.

Second, for foreign countries.

The second cooperation between countries * * * No matter in the gestation period or during the cooperation period, the Soviet Union, the United States and other countries played an active role and maintained it until War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression won the final victory. Later, due to the American policy of supporting Chiang Kai-shek and opposing * * *, the relationship between countries broke down completely.

As early as the brewing period, the * * * International and the Soviet Union instructed China to establish an anti-Japanese national United front with all other anti-Japanese forces, and the Soviet Union also mediated from it to seek new cooperation between the two sides. After the Xi incident, which shocked China and foreign countries, countries took different attitudes towards the incident from their different interests.

The Soviet Union supported a peaceful solution to the Xi 'an incident, and the United States, Britain, France and other countries also supported a peaceful solution based on China's need to contain Japan and safeguard its own interests. The peaceful settlement of the Xi incident provided a prerequisite for the second ethnic cooperation. Si Nuo said in "Red Star over China" that the peaceful settlement of the Xi Incident is "gain in China and lose in Japan".

After the July 7th Incident, China people's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression received extensive international assistance and support, and finally formed an anti-Japanese national united front on the basis of the cooperation between the two parties. As a part of the world anti-fascist United front, it has long been supported by allies such as the Soviet Union, the United States and Britain.

After the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was formally formed, the relationship between the two parties developed in twists and turns, and the Kuomintang set off three anti-climax, which almost broke the relationship between the two parties. Under the strong pressure at home and abroad, Chiang Kai-shek dared not publicly suspend the relations between the two parties.

The pressure exerted by the United States on Chiang Kai-shek plays a vital role in maintaining the cooperative relationship between the two countries.

For example, after the Southern Anhui Incident, US President Roosevelt sent special envoy Curie to China to mediate Sino-Japanese relations, hoping that the two parties could unite against Japan. Curie held talks with Chiang Kai-shek and Zhou Enlai in Chongqing, and declared to Jiang that "before the Sino-Japanese dispute is settled, the United States can't provide a lot of assistance to China". In order to put pressure on Chiang Kai-shek to improve relations between countries.

1943, * * * Production International announced its dissolution, and Chiang Kai-shek threw out The Destiny of China, which set off the third anti-* * climax. Then, in June, US President Roosevelt sent Vice President Wallace to China for talks with Jiang to mediate the relations between the two parties. Wallace said: "President Roosevelt once talked about China's * * * production party.

President Roosevelt believed that the producers of the Kuomintang and party member were, after all, from China and were basically friends, and there was always room for discussion between friends.

President Roosevelt said that if the two sides could not reach an agreement, they could "find a friend" and said that he could act as that friend.

Chiang Kai-shek said that the United States "did not understand the threat of the * * * production party to the China government and overestimated the anti-Japanese role of the * * * production party" and proposed a political solution. It can be seen that Chiang Kai-shek did not sincerely cooperate with the * * * production party. Due to the strong pressure from the United States, Chiang Kai-shek had to make some concessions.

Of course, the United States mediates relations between countries from its own interests. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the United States also formed a coalition government to mediate. However, after the death of President Roosevelt, Truman came to power, and with the great victory of the Soviet Red Army in the anti-fascist war, American mediation was more and more biased towards the Kuomintang side, and finally a set of reactionary policies to help Chiang Kai-shek fight against * * * was implemented.

Extended data:

First, the historical significance of the first cooperation between countries

1, the formation of ethnic * * * cooperation accelerated the pace of China revolution;

2. The rapid development of the Northern Expedition has deterred imperialist powers and northern warlords;

3. The members and organizations of the Party have made great progress and established a certain number of workers and peasants' armed forces;

4. After the failure of cooperation, the Party began to grow and mature, and understood the importance of carrying out agrarian revolution and mastering revolutionary armed forces.

The first National Congress of Kuomintang marked the realization of cooperation between the two parties and the formal establishment of revolutionary united front. Later, the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal national revolutionary movements developed rapidly, and the Northern Expedition was one of them.

The state * * * cooperated to unite all classes that can be United, and * * * was anti-imperialist and anti-feudal, which strengthened the revolutionary force. However, due to the immaturity of the party, it gave up its armed forces easily, which led to the later counter-revolutionary events.

Second, the second cooperation between countries adheres to principles.

The key to the complete victory of China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression lies in the formation and basic adherence to the anti-Japanese national united front with the cooperation between countries as the main content. Summing up the experience of the United front during this period, we mainly adhered to four principles:

1, seeking common ground while reserving differences

China, which is in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, must unite the whole nation and establish a United front led by the two major military and political forces of the country if it wants to defeat Japan in the imperialist stage with a weak comprehensive national strength.

The China Producers' Party and the Kuomintang are completely different in class basis and nature. Especially after the first cooperation between the two countries broke down, Wang Jingwei and others proposed in the Kuomintang that under the guidance of the counter-revolutionary massacre policy of "killing one thousand by mistake and not letting one go", countless producers of * * * were killed.

The two political parties are in a state of extreme hatred. However, at the time of difficulties and national peril, China's * * * production party, proceeding from the overall situation of the country and the nation, put forward the idea of cooperating with the Kuomintang for the second time to establish an anti-Japanese national united front.

In order to win over Chiang Kai-shek's government and achieve great harmony against Japan, China's * * * production party made concessions on many unprincipled issues. The two parties in China were invaded at home, putting national interests first, sharing the same enemy, and * * * arrived at foreign enemies.

2, both unified and independent

In order to resist Japan, China's * * * production party must establish a United front with the Kuomintang; The bloody lesson of the first ethnic cooperation and the revolutionary program of the producers demand that the principle of independence be adhered to in the United front.

The Kuomintang is the ruling party, and its established policy towards the * * * production party is to restrict and eliminate it. If you want to unify everything with the Kuomintang and get its consent, you can only tie your hands and feet and surrender to the Kuomintang in an all-round way.

Under the correct leadership of Mao Zedong, the China * * * production party not only formulated the correct line and policy for the second national * * * cooperation, but also put forward many policies and strategies to deal with the problems in the cooperation in time, which enabled the United front to be maintained, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression to win, kept the revolutionary and advanced nature of the China * * * production party, and "opened a new era in the revolutionary history of China".

3. unite and struggle.

The pro-Anglo-American big bourgeoisie headed by Chiang Kai-shek is the establishment and strength in the Kuomintang government, but it is also the die-hards who oppose * * *. To establish an anti-Japanese United front, we must unite them;

To maintain the independence of the * * * production party, we must resolutely fight against their stubborn anti-* * behavior, and do not forget the great goal of uniting against Japan in the struggle.

To this end, China's * * * production party adopted the principle of rationality, advantage and restraint in its struggle with the die-hards. Because China's * * * production party adopted the strategy of uniting with the die-hards, although Chiang Kai-shek's government made a lot of friction in eight years and set off three anti-* * climaxes, it did not launch a full-scale civil war or withdraw from the anti-Japanese United front.

4. Combine your own strength and foreign aid.

Since the outbreak of the Japanese war of aggression against China, the two parties have established an anti-Japanese United front relying on the strength of the people of the whole country. At the same time, it has also received assistance from international anti-fascist countries and people such as the Soviet Union and the United States.

First of all, the people of China have to rely on their own strength to persist in the war of resistance for eight years under the crazy attack of powerful Japanese imperialism. China did not perish, which is the result of the self-reliance and hard struggle of the people of China. Of course, in this process, we also received international assistance.

Shortly after the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, * * * Production International issued a Proclamation to the International Proletarians, calling for all means to assist the Japanese people in the war of resistance. The Soviet government gave China a large amount of arms loans and supported more than 2,000 aircraft and air forces in China/KLOC-0.

The Japanese Production Party has repeatedly called on the Japanese people, "Don't send a single soldier to China!" The leader of Japanese * * * Nosaka personally came to China to organize the international anti-fascist United front and anti-war propaganda together with the China * * * Production Party.

Like Canadian doctor Bethune, Indian doctor Coolidge and American writer Smedley, they all came to China to attend War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression voluntarily. Even Britain, the United States, France and other countries, because of their opposition to Japan's monopoly of China, hope that China will cooperate with Japan to resist Japan.

When China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression reached the stage of counterattack, the Soviet Union sent millions of troops to the northeast, which accelerated the process of Japanese defeat and made China win a complete victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

This is the result of the combination of China's anti-Japanese national United front and the international anti-fascist United front, and it is also a great victory for China's * * * production party to persist in self-reliance and strive for foreign aid.

Baidu Encyclopedia-First National Cooperation

Baidu Encyclopedia-The Second National Cooperation