Since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the construction of government efficiency has been widely carried out in various places, and has achieved certain results. However, we also see that the problem of low administrative and management efficiency of governments at all levels has not been fundamentally changed. Therefore, how to effectively strengthen the leadership of government efficiency construction and deeply study and discuss the effective ways and methods of government efficiency construction has become an important topic for governments at all levels and theoretical circles. This paper intends to start with the analysis of the problems existing in the current government administrative operation and management efficiency, and focus on the ways and methods of government efficiency construction. ?

One of the ways to build government efficiency is to introduce scientific management mode of enterprises to improve government work efficiency. ?

China's government agencies have long been inefficient. The main reasons for this problem are: due to the long-term implementation of the planned economy system, the power is too concentrated, and the government has taken care of many things that should not be managed, managed badly and could not be managed. For example, due to unreasonable organization and overlapping organizations, the responsibilities of various departments are unclear, and they are mutually constrained and wrangling; Due to the imperfect administrative regulations, the establishment is arbitrarily increased, resulting in a huge, bloated and overstaffed organization. In view of this phenomenon, the efficiency construction should first introduce the concept and method of enterprise scientific management into the government management system, and put efficiency in the first place. Its specific methods mainly include:

(1) Introduce the flat organizational structure of enterprises, and give full play to the role of grass-roots administrative agencies and administrative officials. Chinese government agencies are composed of high-level, middle-level and grass-roots organizations. Grass-roots administrative organs and personnel are the most direct contacts between government organizations and the public, and their actions and activities directly affect the government image, prestige and public evaluation of the government. However, in traditional government organizations, grass-roots administrative organs and their personnel are only regarded as followers of leaders and executors of decision-making. They are strictly controlled by the top level of government organizations, and they have no flexible executive power, let alone decision-making power according to local conditions. In addition, there are too many administrative levels, overlapping institutions, multi-head leadership and cross-command, which makes the grass-roots administrative organizations and personnel work passively and appear to be lack of vitality and slow action, and it is difficult to obtain high administrative efficiency and good social evaluation. Therefore, the reform of government institutions should learn from the flat organization and management mode of enterprises, adopt as few levels of flat government organizations as possible, greatly adjust the hierarchical relationship of traditional government organizations, reduce the levels of government organizations, narrow the communication distance between the top and the grassroots, and delegate power to the grassroots administrative organs and personnel, so as to achieve the purpose of developing grassroots human resources, mobilizing the enthusiasm of grassroots personnel and reshaping the government image. ?

(2) Learn from the scientific and reasonable employment incentive mechanism of enterprises, and mobilize the enthusiasm of administrative staff in many ways. Government agencies should implement the employment contract system, and stipulate the performance to be achieved in the contract, so as to control the administrative bureaucracy. In the form of distribution, the fixed salary system should be abolished and a flexible payment model linked with performance and salary bonus should be adopted to encourage administrative officials to complete administrative affairs more quickly, well and economically. The goal of personnel management reform in government agencies is to form an objective, just, fair and competitive talent selection and employment mechanism, performance management and evaluation mechanism, reward and punishment mechanism and public responsibility mechanism, so as to enhance the enterprising and innovative spirit of government officials. ?

The second way of government efficiency construction: design the innovative carrier of government public management with reference to the flexible organization mode of modern enterprises. ?

The deepening of market-oriented transformation requires that "the government and its institutions should be able to formulate corresponding policies according to environmental changes, rather than responding to new challenges in a fixed way". (1)(P87) Only a flexible organizational structure can adapt to the rapidly changing external world. ?

China's traditional internal government organizations have the characteristics of permanence and stability, and the biggest defect of this characteristic is the failure of operation. With the advent of the information age, the strict bureaucratic hierarchy is becoming more and more unsuitable for the needs of social development, because many problems faced by modern society are not solved by any department alone, and many major social problems generally exist in the joint parts of organizations, and many problems are temporary, which requires government organizations to have a process of continuous renewal and substitution, and must be expanded or contracted in time according to social needs. However, once the traditional organizations in China are set up, it is difficult to cancel them, so that many organizations no longer function after the problem is solved, resulting in a waste of resources. In addition, under the traditional administrative system, once a government official enters a government organization, he can serve for life as long as he is willing and has no major work mistakes. The tenure system of government personnel is of great value for cultivating their loyalty to the government, accumulating their work experience and maintaining the continuity of the implementation of public policies, but it will also nourish the inertia of government personnel and make them stand still. What is more serious is that the permanent system of organizations and the tenure system of officials will make officials pay more attention to their own interests than to policies and responsibilities, and make officials' understanding and implementation of policies fixed and formatted, making it difficult to think about the new problems they face outside the old model, let alone creatively understand and implement policies. Therefore, an important way to strengthen the construction of government efficiency is to completely change this situation and adopt a flexible organizational model to set up government institutions. ?

The flexible organization mode is to strengthen the flexibility of government organizations, reduce the permanent institutions in government organizations, introduce the "temporary employee system", set up temporary institutions (such as special committees, project teams, etc.), and when necessary, temporarily transfer or hire temporary personnel to complete administrative tasks, especially new administrative tasks. Once the task is completed, these temporary institutions and personnel will be abolished immediately. (The right, responsibility, benefit design and personnel quality assurance of temporary organizations are not the research content of this paper, so they are not discussed here.) This way can not only improve the state of government organizations, enhance the vitality of organizations, and enable government organizations to maintain their rapid response to changes in the administrative environment, but also avoid the negative impact of the "permanent employment system" on government personnel, so that government personnel can maintain their keen judgment and positive innovation and enterprising spirit. ?

The third way to build government efficiency is to relax government administrative regulations and implement performance target control. ?

The reform of government administrative rules and regulations management mainly involves the adjustment of the relationship between the government and civil servants, and between the government and the public. For a long time, in the process of traditional administrative organization and management in our country, on the one hand, civil servants are bound by strict organization and complicated affairs, and they can only follow the rules and regulations, lacking the opportunity of contingency decision-making, not only their own potential, creativity and enthusiasm can not be fully exerted, but also the efficiency of government administration is low, which affects the overall interests of society. On the other hand, due to the complicated rules and regulations of the public sector and the complicated administrative procedures, the service cost of the government is too high, which not only causes bureaucracy and corruption, but also increases the burden on the public and the opposition and friction between the government and the public. Therefore, in the construction of government efficiency, we should relax government regulation and implement performance target control to change this situation. "To release the energy contained in government departments to improve the management level of the government, that is, to remove the internal red tape restrictions and make government activities more creative, efficient and effective". ? (2)(P72)

Government personnel have a large amount of professional knowledge and information, understand social affairs and public situation, and the objective reality also requires government personnel to handle social public affairs in a timely, accurate and reasonable manner and provide satisfactory services to the public. This requires reforming the traditional government administrative regulations, relaxing the strict administrative rules in the process of government administration, abolishing excessive and complicated administrative rules and administrative procedures, and breaking through the traditional practice of bureaucratic system that regards decision-making as the privilege of government leadership, so that government personnel can get more opportunities for contingency decision-making and flexibility in implementing rules and regulations, so that they can maximize their creativity and work enthusiasm. The relaxation of government administrative regulations needs to be matched with strict performance target control. First of all, on the basis of defining its basic mission, the government should determine the specific performance goals of administrative organizations and government personnel, and formulate budgets and regulations that can let government personnel realize their missions and goals freely. Secondly, we should measure and evaluate the completion according to the performance objectives. Make an objective and accurate evaluation of the achievements, effects and achievements of government administrative departments and individuals through scientific methods and procedures. The content of performance evaluation should include work efficiency and cost-effectiveness, service quality and public satisfaction. ?

The fourth way of government efficiency construction: introducing market competition mechanism to break the monopoly position of the government providing exclusive public service products. ?

Market-oriented construction requires adjusting the relationship between government, society and market. "Deny the monopoly position of bureaucracy in providing public services, and instead seek ways of cooperation and use personal participation to strengthen government efficiency." (3)(P 1 10) For a long time, the government and state-owned property rights monopolized the provision of public services and public products, which not only led to low efficiency and high cost in the public services, but also caused a "bottleneck" in economic development due to government financial difficulties and lack of funds. Therefore, it is necessary to change this situation in the construction of government efficiency, introduce market competition mechanism into government public service areas, and allow and encourage non-state-owned property rights to enter these areas to cooperate with state-owned property rights or invest and operate independently. For example, the government can implement "business contract leasing" and "competitive bidding" for public products; Providing the same products and services by establishing a number of competitive institutions; Encouraging private investment and operation in infrastructure industries with natural monopoly, such as telecommunications, electric power, railway transportation, tap water and gas supply, will not only help to form a competitive mechanism and pressure structure for the supply of public services, but also improve the efficiency and quality of public services; Moreover, it has a fundamental role in changing the "bottleneck" phenomenon existing in infrastructure construction in China for a long time and increasing the effective supply of public services.

The fifth way of government efficiency construction: implementing horizontal intervention mechanism to reduce government administrative operation cost?

For a long time, China's government administrative agencies have not only been inefficient, but also their operating costs have been increasing. First of all, the number of financial supporters is increasing, and the government ranks are huge, which makes the limited financial revenue unsustainable. In many places, the finance has become "meal finance", and in some places, it is even impossible to pay the salaries of government employees in full. Secondly, the government's awareness of administrative costs is weak, and it only talks about investment but not results. It is only a political account, not an economic account. Blind economic investment and various activities to meet the standards, as well as some local and departmental leaders are keen on "image projects" and "performance projects", blindly greedy for big things and quick success, at the expense of destroying environmental resources and social sustainable development, in exchange for so-called political achievements and glory for a while, resulting in government resources and society. Thirdly, some local and departmental leaders are used to formalism, putting on airs, and implementing documents with documents and meetings with meetings. The higher Wenshan is cut, the deeper it will be, and a lot of manpower, material resources, financial resources, time and energy will be spent on meetings, documents and some so-called investigations, inspections and evaluations, visits and studies that lack practical results, which not only increases the burden on grassroots cadres, but also greatly increases the government's financial expenditure and burden. Although the above situation has changed to some extent through the reform of government institutions and market-oriented construction, the substantive problems have not been fundamentally solved. Therefore, we must change these situations and solve the existing problems through the process of government efficiency construction.

The construction of government efficiency requires the organic combination of administrative management cost and benefit, the reduction of government administrative operation cost and the improvement of public management efficiency and benefit. Therefore, we must resolutely implement the government downsizing, promote the public horizontal intervention mechanism, and rely on the pressure brought by the public's free choice and supervision to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of administrative management and public services. First of all, we should complete the "slimming movement" of government institutions with the transformation of government functions, overcome the strange circle of "streamlining-expanding-streamlining-re-expanding", reduce institutions, adhere to the principle of more civil servants and less advancement in a certain period of time, and accelerate the professionalization and specialization of civil servants through the reform and integration of human resources in government departments, so as to reduce the number of government personnel in total, so as to alleviate the pressure of financial support; Secondly, it is necessary to form pressure by implementing the horizontal public intervention mechanism and implementing the "customerism" of "the public is the customer", so that the customers served by administrative departments and public institutions can be directly absorbed into management decisions, increase the openness and transparency of government administrative management and public services, expand the public's power to investigate government administrative oversight and decision-making mistakes, and urge the government to enhance cost awareness and improve service efficiency and management efficiency; Thirdly, we should adhere to the result orientation and change the habit of attaching importance to the procedural process and neglecting the results and benefits in the past government administrative actions. In traditional management, government management pays more attention to the procedure than the result, or ignores the result, because the result is often difficult to predict, and the result that can be seen afterwards is often controversial, while the procedure is immediate and widely known, which can better show the official's political achievements. Therefore, the modern public management function requires that the operation process of power should be turned to the management effect, that is, the procedural process should be changed to the result benefit, the service result should be oriented and the management effect should be the basis. Specifically, we can change the traditional management mode of neglecting benefits by introducing market inspection methods into public organizations, imitating the market evaluation mechanism of enterprise benefits, and implementing performance evaluation, taking external evaluation as the way, taking serving customers (the public) as the goal orientation, and taking customer satisfaction, that is, social and public opinions, as the main yardstick and standard for evaluating performance, thus forming an efficient and low-cost government management function that focuses on work results rather than work processes; Finally, in the process of government administration, we should adopt target management, total quality management, cost accounting and other methods to control costs. Actively promote the reform of the public finance system, improve the centralized and unified public finance system, increase the structural adjustment of fiscal expenditure, strengthen the management of extra-budgetary funds and improve the government procurement system, and promote the systematization, science and modernization of government management.

References:?

(1) (2) (3) [America] Guy? Peters. The future governance model of the government [M]. Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 200 1.