Qin set up a prime minister, Qiu and an ancient scholar to form a central organization. The prime minister is in charge of administration, Qiu is in charge of military affairs, and the censor is in charge of supervision and secretarial work. Generally speaking, the Han Dynasty followed the Qin system, which was called "three fairs", with nine ministers in charge of all aspects of government affairs, and later evolved into a three-province, six-department system. The three provinces are Zhongshu Province (decision-making), Menxia Province (deliberation) and Shangshu Province (implementation), and the governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers. In the Song Dynasty, the functions and powers of Zhongshu Province were expanded, and the civil and military powers were divided with the Privy Council, and the province of Xiamen and Shangshu was abolished. In the Ming Dynasty, the Cabinet was the highest administrative body, with ministers as assistant ministers and chief ministers as records (i.e. prime ministers). In the Qing Dynasty, military department, Wang, Gong and Shang Shu were ministers of military aircraft, who held the power of the government.
The six departments refer to the "official department, which is in charge of the appointment, removal, assessment, and promotion of officials; The Ministry, in charge of land registration, taxation and finance; Does, in charge of ceremonies, science, schools and other things; Ministry of war, in charge of military affairs; Ministry of punishment, in charge of judicial prison; The Ministry of Industry is in charge of engineering construction, water conservancy and other things. " Ministers are ministers, and deputy ministers are assistant ministers. There are Langzhong, Yuanwailang with deputy titles, and subordinate officials are in charge.
The temple is the official office. Jiusi is the official office of Jiuqing. In Han Dynasty, Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Taifu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zong Zheng, Dasinong and Shaofu were called the Great Qing of the Nine Temples. There were slight changes in the past dynasties, which were all due to the Qing Dynasty.
(1) Guanglu Temple: in charge of the palace guards and attendants, in charge of the catering tent after the Northern Qi Dynasty, and in charge of catering only after the Tang Dynasty.
(2) Taibu Temple: The matter of horse husbandry began in the Northern Qi Dynasty and was incorporated into the War Department when Guangxu reformed the official system.
(3) Taichang Temple: The Qin Dynasty served Taichang, the Han Dynasty changed Taichang, and the ancestral temple etiquette was in charge. Taichang Temple only existed in the Northern Qi Dynasty and was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty.
(4) Zongzheng Temple: The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the ancestral houses, and they were in charge of the clan affairs of the sons of heaven.
(5) Dali Temple: in charge of the trial of criminal prison cases, Tingwei in Qin and Han Dynasties, Dali Temple in Northern Qi Dynasty, and Dali Courtyard in Qing Dynasty.
(6) Weiwei Temple: the head guard stationed troops, and the Northern Qi Dynasty changed to Weiwei Temple, and the Sui Dynasty changed to ceremonial weapons, tents and the like, which were abandoned in the open, and there were clear ceremonies and guards.
(7) crack hon temple: Qin yue dianke, Han changed crack hon, palm praise guide ceremony. Hong, sound, spread, spread praise and guide, so it is called Hong Hong. To the Northern Qi Dynasty, it was called crack crack temple, and it was not abolished.
(8) Shaofu Temple: It took charge of the affairs of Yamazawa, and then the clothes and treasures in the palace, which were changed to prison in Sui Dynasty, and it was abolished in Ming Dynasty.
(9) Taifu Temple: that is, Dasinong, who is in charge of money, money and silk.
In addition, the central government also has specialized agencies and officials who are responsible for managing books, editing history and making calendars. For example, Sima Qian and Zhang Heng served as Taishiling. Gao Qi compiled and edited the national history of Hanlin.
the local official
The main administrative region of Qin and Han Dynasties was the county. The chief of the county, Qin said the chief, Han said the satrap. The main administrative region of Sui and Tang Dynasties is Zhou, and the state officials call it secretariat, and the subordinate officials include Changshi and Sima. In some military towns in the Tang Dynasty. Our time is set up, and the officials include marching Sima, staff officer and secretary in charge. In the Song Dynasty, state officials were called Zhi Zhou, and county officials were called Zhi Zhou. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the state was changed to the government, which was called the magistrate.
In addition, there were also prefectures in the Han Dynasty, and the world was divided into more than a dozen prefectures, which were basically monitoring areas. The central authorities sent officials to spy on the situation, which was called secretariat. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were more than a dozen roads in China, which were also called monitoring areas. The central authorities sent officials to inspect them, which were called ambassadors. In the Song Dynasty, the whole country was divided into about twenty roads, with several departments in charge of all aspects. In the Yuan Dynasty, the highest local administrative organization was called Hangzhongshu Province, and in the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed Chengxuan Bureaucratic Department, and it is still called "Province" customarily.
After the system of "three provinces and six departments" appeared, the promotion and appointment of officials were in charge of the official department. The following words are commonly used in the appointment, removal and promotion of official positions: (1) Bye. Grant a certain official position or position with certain etiquette. (2) in addition. To worship an official and appoint a post means to grant an official position. (3) ". Promote official position. (4) move. The transfer of official positions includes three situations: promotion, demotion and lateral transfer. (5) Chen. Demote officials or transfer to remote areas. (6) "Hu" and "strike, exemption and seizure" are both removal from office. (7) go. There are three cases of dismissal: resignation, transfer and dismissal. Resignation and transfer belong to the general situation and the adjustment of official positions, while dismissal is the demotion of people. (8) begging for bones. Ask for resignation and retirement when you are old. (9) Lift: promote the official position, and promote the understanding of no official.
The title of knighthood is the title of knighthood and knighthood, which was bestowed by the ancient emperor on the noble and noble.
The prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy, and he is the person who manages the national government affairs according to the will of the monarch. Sometimes it is called Xiangguo, which is often referred to as the prime minister, and is referred to as "Xiang" for short.
A surname refers to two official positions. First, in ancient times, Taishi, Taifu and Taibao were called "three publics". Later, most of them were high-ranking officials, indicating their favor without real duties. Secondly, in ancient times, it was also called Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu and Prince Taibao as the "Three Divisions of the East Palace", all of whom were teachers of the Prince. Taishi was the abbreviation of Prince Taishi, and later it gradually became a virtual title.
Shangshu was originally an official in charge of the paper memorial. Six departments were set up in the Sui Dynasty, and in the Tang Dynasty, six departments were identified as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers, with Shangshu and Assistant Minister as the chief and deputy officers.
The bachelor's degree was an official position in charge of ceremonies and compilation in Wei and Jin Dynasties. After the Tang Dynasty, he referred to the academician as a bachelor, became the secretary and consultant of the emperor, and participated in confidential affairs, so he was called "the inner phase". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, although they were also academicians of Hanlin, such as serving orders, reading, lecturing, editing and editing, and Jishi Shu, their positions and duties were different from those of Hanlin in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
In the official system of Shang Qing Zhou Dynasty, both the emperor and the vassal had Qing, which was divided into upper, middle and lower levels, and the most distinguished one was called "Shang Qing".
General was the highest title of general in the pre-Qin and Western Han Dynasties. After Wei and Jin dynasties, it gradually became a virtual title without a real position. The official position of general was established in the Ming and Qing Dynasties during the war, and it was abolished after the war.
Participating in political affairs, also referred to as "participating in politics", was one of the highest administrative officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was called "Zaizhi" together with Tongping Zhang, Tang Tang's envoy and Tang Tang Tang's deputy envoy.
Military department, Minister of Military Affairs, was an administrative agency assisting the emperor in Qing Dynasty. The incumbent has no fixed number of employees, and is usually a prince, a university student, a minister of history, an assistant minister or a Beijing hall, and is called a minister of military aircraft. Military ministers range from three or four to six or seven, and are called "pivot ministers".
The censor was originally a historian, and after Qin, he was appointed an censor, whose position was second only to that of the prime minister, and he was in charge of impeachment and picketing officials' faults.
The head of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, it was held by eunuchs, and later by ministers. The Privy Council is one of the highest state organs in charge of important military affairs, and the power of a Tang dynasty envoy is equivalent to that of a prime minister. Military ministers in the Qing dynasty are often addressed as "Tang secretaries".
The official name of Chu State in the Warring States Period of Zuotu was comparable to that of later generations. The main responsibility is to admonish the emperor and recommend talents.
Qiu's official title before Yuan Dynasty. It was the highest military attache who assisted the emperor, and was called Fu in the Han Dynasty. Song dynasty as the highest military attache.
The official name of the doctor in the pre-Qin period is lower than that of Qing.
Doctors refer to different contents in different dynasties, and sometimes they can refer to important positions in central organs.
Scholar-officials used to refer to officials or intellectuals with more prestige and status.
Taishi Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period was a high-ranking court minister, who was in charge of drafting documents, planning governors and ministers, recording historical events, and also in charge of classics, calendars, sacrifices and other things. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, Taishi Order was set up, and its scope of duties was gradually reduced and its status was gradually lowered.
In the Qin Dynasty, he was the prime minister's official, and after the Han Dynasty, he became the general's official and was the chief of staff.
The assistant minister is a court attendant for the first time. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became an official of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, assistant minister was the deputy of the ministers (ministers) of the three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu).
The assistant was originally one of the officials outside the regular official position. Because of the attendants around the emperor, the status is getting higher and higher, and the level exceeds that of assistant minister. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, he often became the de facto prime minister.
Langzhong was a court bodyguard during the Warring States Period. From Tang to Qing, he became a senior official below Shangshu and Assistant Minister, taking charge of the affairs of each department.
The abbreviation of "Staff Military Affairs" for joining the army was originally the military staff of the Prime Minister. After Jin Dynasty, its status gradually declined and it became the staff of kings and generals. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, it gradually became a local official.
During the Warring States Period, Ling Yin, the chief of the Chu State in charge of military and political power, was equivalent to the prime minister. In Ming and Qing dynasties, it refers to the county magistrate.
A captain is a military attache after a general.
The official positions referred to in different dynasties of Sima are not the same. During the Warring States period, he was an adjutant in charge of military administration and military taxes.
Our general manager in charge of military and political affairs in several States in the Tang Dynasty was originally only located in border States; After that, the mainland was also set up all over the country, resulting in a separatist situation, so the world called it "the buffer region."
The strategy is also called "strategy" for short. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was the military chief of the frontier defense, juxtaposed with the viceroy. When there were important military tasks in Ming and Qing dynasties, they were specially run, and their official positions were higher than those of the governor.
The thorn ambassador was originally the official name of the inspector, and became the highest military and political chief of the county after the Eastern Han Dynasty, sometimes called the satrap.
Governor refers to the places visited by Beijing officials in the early Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, he officially became the provincial governor, and his position was slightly lower than that of the governor. He was nicknamed "Fu Yuan", "Fu Tai" and "Fu Jun".
A captain was second only to a general in the Han Dynasty.
An officer who coached martial arts in the Song Dynasty.
Administer the official names of state and county military attaché s in Song Dynasty, and be in charge of training the army, supervising and arresting thieves and other affairs.
The family members who are engaged in the appointment of the central or local governors themselves are also called "employees".
The magistrate is "the satrap", also known as "the magistrate".
The county magistrate is the chief executive of a county, also known as the "magistrate".
Lizheng is an ancient township official, that is, a mile long.
Li Xu's tolerance in managing village affairs.
A captain is a military attache after a general. "Chen She Family": "Chen She is a general and Wu Guang is a captain." "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong has gone out, and Chen Ping, the ambassador of Xiang Wang, called Pei Gong."
Tong Qing, another name for Taipusi Qing, was in charge of the emperor's chariots, horses and livestock. In the epitaph of the Five Tombs, the words "a wise scholar and a scholar, for which Tong Qing was Wu Gong" and "for which" are Mok Ng's words.
The official positions referred to in different dynasties of Sima are not the same. During the Warring States period, he was an adjutant in charge of military administration and military taxes, such as "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong Sajima and Cao Wushang said it." During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was an official of the prefecture and county satrap (secretariat), such as Pipa Xing: "Yuan and ten years, moved to Sima, Jiujiang County." Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang at that time, under the long history of the state and county.
Our general manager in charge of military and political affairs in several States in the Tang Dynasty was originally only located in border States; After that, the mainland was also set up all over the country, resulting in a separatist situation, so the world called it "the buffer region." The fourth episode of A Dream of Red Mansions: "Yucun hastily wrote two letters with Jia Zheng and Wang Ziteng, our envoy to Beijing."
The strategy is also called "strategy" for short. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was the military chief of the frontier defense, juxtaposed with the viceroy. For example, Fan Zhongyan used to be the deputy envoy of Shaanxi Economy. When there were important military tasks in Ming and Qing dynasties, they were specially run, and their official positions were higher than those of the governor. For example, in Plum Blossom Ridge, "Running Hong Chengchou has something old with it", after the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou served as running seven provinces and was stationed in Jiangning.
The secretariat was originally the official name of the inspector, and became the highest military and political chief of the county after the Eastern Han Dynasty, sometimes called the satrap. Tang Bai Juyi was the secretariat of Hangzhou and Suzhou, and Liu Zongyuan was the secretariat of Liuzhou.
The coach was an officer who coached martial arts in the Song Dynasty. Lin Chong in Water Margin was the gun and stick coach of the 800,000 imperial troops in Beijing.
Administer the official names of state and county military attaché s in Song Dynasty, and be in charge of training the army, supervising and arresting thieves and other affairs. For example, Lu Ti governs Lu Zhishen in Water Margin.
The family members who are engaged in the appointment of the central or local governors themselves are also called "employees". "Battle of Red Cliffs": "Jing's fame is still worthy of Cao's engagement."
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List of common official positions in ancient China
Yin Shiqing killed the commandant and made Cheng.
Qing Shi Tai Shi Zuo Shi You Shi Situ Sima Sikong Sikou's position
Tai Shi Tai Fu Da Bao Shao Shi Shao Fu Shao Bao Tai Zai Shao Zai Liu Qing
The seal-sealing worker is in the prime minister's office, and the princess of Yin Zhuguo is in charge of the three fairs.
Prime Minister Prime Minister Imperial Advisor Taiwei Jiuqing Taifu Tingwei Zong Zheng Shaofu
General, horse washing, doctor, doctor, doctor, doctor, assistant minister, assistant minister, talk about the history of doctor.
Shangshu Liu Cao Hege servant shot Shi Zhongshi secretariat Zhou Mu don't drive.
Chief thin prefect prefect long history engaged in Du You county magistrate and county commandant.
Tingchang Liehou is in charge of the three provinces, and the governors are in charge of protecting the army Khan.
Marshal of bachelor's general manager of six departments and three museums left behind the judge for inspection and punishment.
Jurisdiction over Confucius and Yasi's adult, cabinet factory guards and eunuchs.
Magistrate's Prince, Governor, Governor, Supervisor, Prefecture, Magistrate's Prefect, Company Commander.
The generals scattered officials and flowed in and out of Baylor.
Da Liang Zao Zuo Prime Minister Right Prime Minister Da Situ Da Sikong Yushitai
Fu Langzhong ordered Da Sinong's general to hold the post of Jin Wu Langzhong.
Shangshu province Shangshu made it clear that Jing Zhaoyin left Feng Yi and you helped the wind.
Hou Guanzhong, secretary of the province, secretary of the province, and ambassador of the province.
Yuan Wailang wrote Lang, and imperial academy, our envoy, recruited all the envoys for inspection.
Observation Ambassador Duke Yansheng University Tuxuanzheng College Jixian College
Military department Hanlin Academy Qin Tianjian's Minister of Internal Affairs did not flow in.
The State Council Privy Council, Advisory Council, Tax Division.
Dr. San Lv, Dr. Yushi, Dr. Si Li, a captain, will be a master to advise the doctor.
Dr. Guanglu embroidered clothes, pointing to the supervision of the empire and the affairs of Pingzhang.
Hanlin learned from the books in the soil, and all the people gave orders to the imperial envoy Niu Lu's forehead.
Counsellor minister general taxation department naval yamen
Diannong corps commander Beiyang trade minister Nanyang trade minister
Brief introduction of ancient secretarial system
Main book: the personnel of Wei who protected all kinds of written materials for the monarch during the Warring States Period.
The Imperial Physician: During the Qin Dynasty, he was responsible for supervising officials, accepting officials' performance on behalf of the emperor, managing important national albums and books, and drafting imperial edicts on behalf of the imperial court. In the Western Han Dynasty, the Imperial Physician, the Prime Minister and Qiu were called the Three Kingdoms. When the prime minister is absent, he is often replaced by an ancient official. After the Jin Dynasty, the censor was no longer responsible for paperwork.
Lingshi: the official position in charge of clerical work under Lang in Han Dynasty. Points: the history of Lantian order and the history of Shangshuling. Sui: After the Tang Dynasty, Lingshi became the title of junior clerk in three provinces and six Yushitai.
Prime minister: in feudal times, "the prime minister was the chief of staff of the monarch." Equivalent to the current Secretary-General.
Advice doctor: The Western Han Dynasty was called the advice doctor of the secretary staff. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was renamed Doctor of Advice. Sui and Tang Shilu belong to the province under the door, and their duties are attendants and admonition. An admonition court was set up in the Song Dynasty, along the Liao and Jin Dynasties, and abolished in the Ming Dynasty.
Huangmen Assistant: A Langguan who served in the palace in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the assistant minister of Huangmen was full-time, and his duty was to attend the emperor and convey the imperial edict. After the Southern Dynasties, Assistant Minister Huang Men was in charge of confidential documents.
Zuoyou Cao: the official position of handling emperor's documents in Han Dynasty. This kind of official position is not full-time, but an addition. If the minister can get Cao Jiaguan, he can handle the emperor's documents.
Translator's Order Nine Translation Orders: Translators set up in the Han Dynasty were responsible for translating the languages of foreign letters. Equivalent to the contemporary foreign language secretary.
Fu Baolang: The official in charge of the seal of the Emperor and Fu Jie in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Cheng Zhong: A subordinate official of the Imperial Examiner in the Han Dynasty, responsible for the central library and library, handling all the memorials directly to the monarch, and supervising the secretariat of various ministries exercising the right of inspection outside. In the imperial history after Han Dynasty, Cheng was the chief of the imperial history, and together with Si Li, a captain, Guo was the most authoritative inspector.
Engaged in: the assistant officials of the secretariat of the Han Dynasty, such as Biejia, Zhizhong, and the main book, are engaged in. At that time, all counties and countries also engaged in it.
Book assistant: a petty official in charge of documents in Han Dynasty. Like Gong Cao Shu Zuo and Dian County Shu Zuo, they are responsible for drafting and writing documents.
Shangshu: Shangshu means in charge of documents. In the Han dynasty, the official in charge of documents in the court was called Shangshu.
Two Thousand Stones Cao Shangshu: In the Han Dynasty, the official Dai of the county was two thousand stones, and it was customary to call the local chief executive two thousand stones. At that time, Shang Shu was in charge of Cao's affairs, and the Shang Shu, who was in charge of the documents of the county and the country, was called the 2000 stone Cao Shangshu.
Cao Shangshu: In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tai Wei, Situ and Sikong were three. At that time, Shangshu was in charge of Cao's affairs, and Shangshu, who was in charge of the documents of Sangong's office, was hailed as Sangong Shangshu.
Shangshuling: Shangshuling is in charge of Shangshu. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the system of taking Shangshu as the provincial governor of Shangshu was gradually formed, so that Shangshuling was not the official in charge of documents, but the highest head of the central administrative supervision departments.
Prime Minister: The system established in Qin and Han Dynasties. The most important administrative officer who assisted the emperor with the prime minister was slightly inferior to the position of Qiu and the imperial historian. In the early Han dynasty, there were sometimes one prime minister left and one prime minister right. Generally, there is only one person, regardless of left and right. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it was also said that the Prime Minister was left and right, and it was soon abolished. Since then, there is no longer the name of the Prime Minister.
Secretariat order: When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty served as a eunuch, he was in charge of publicizing imperial edicts. After Cao Pi acceded to the throne, he set up a Chinese book supervisor and a Chinese book order. The supervisor and the order are the same, and his power is equivalent to that of the prime minister. It is customary to supervise before the order. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Chinese Book Supervisor was abolished and only the Chinese Book Order was kept.
Zhongshujian: It was established after Cao Pi ascended the throne in Wei Dynasty, and it has the same power as Zhongshuling.
Zhongshu Province: After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the power of ministers was replaced by Zhongshu Supervisor and Zhongshu Order, and Zhongshu Province began to be the central general organization. By the time of Liang and Chen, there were five officials in the internal affairs of Zhongshu Province, ten in charge of lords and two hundred in charge of bookkeepers.
Zhongshushen: In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Zhongshushen was a very distinguished official position. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a Chinese calligrapher in the Chinese calligraphy department, who was only in charge of writing and other things, and his official rank was from seven grades. At first, it was named "The Provincial Sheren of Zhongshu", but later it was renamed as "The Sheren of Zhongshu Branch". The Chinese calligrapher is not taken seriously, but only as an appearance decoration. Among them, there are those who are actually writers after the name of Gongshu, and they still have their own system. Generally speaking, they are called Zhongshu, which is an official who is not a light person.
Secretary's Order: Cao Cao was Wang Wei at the end of the Han Dynasty. At the beginning, he set up a secretary's order and asked for documents. After Cao pi acceded to the throne, he was changed to the supervisor of Chinese books and the order of Chinese books.
Level and management authority:
There are nine categories, each of which is divided into positive and negative categories, with * * * 18 grades.
Prime minister (the highest administrative officer who assists the emperor)
Is a product-(text) a surname, a teacher, a Pacific Insurance, a college student. (5) to lead the minister in the bodyguard.
From Yipin-(Wen) Shao Shi, Shao Fu, Shao Bao, Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu, Prince Taibao, governors, ministers of various ministries, Douchayuan's right suggestion and left suggestion. (5) General, commander-in-chief and prefect.
Positive two products-(text) Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu, Prince Shaobao, provincial governors, left and right assistant ministers of various ministries and institutes. Deputy commander-in-chief and company commander.
From the second product-(text) provincial governors, bachelor of cabinet, bachelor of imperial academy, and provincial ministers. (military) lieutenant.
Positive three products-(text) Duchayuan right vice capital suggestion, left vice capital suggestion, general political department general political envoy, Dali temple minister, Zhan Shifu Zhan Shi, Taichang temple minister, Shuntianfu prefect, Fengtianfu prefect, provincial judges. (military) generals.
From the three products-(text) Guanglu Temple Qing, Taibu Temple Qing, provincial salt transporters. (military) guerrilla warfare.
Positive four products-(text) Deputy Envoy of the General Political Department, Shao Qing of Dali Temple, Shao Zhan of Zhan Shifu, Shao Qing of Taichang Temple, Shao Qing of Crack Temple, Shao Qing of Taibu Temple, and provincial guards. (Wu) Dusi.
From the four products-(text) Bachelor of Attendance at the Imperial Academy, Bachelor of Attendance at Lectures, imperial academy's Wine Offering, Bachelor of The Cabinetshi Read's, and provincial magistrates. (Wu) Chengmenling
Positive five products-(text) About Chunfang, about the bastard, Guanglu Temple, Shao Qing, Qin Tianjian Supervisor, six departments to give things, all ministries and hospitals, all governments, and Zhili Prefecture. (military) garrison.
From the five products-(text) crack hon temple shaoqing, each supervision suggestion, the academician courtyard Shi read, foreign ministers, the provinces know the state. (Wu) Defend the headquarters of Qianzong.
Positive six products-(text) imperial academy Division Industry, The Cabinetshi Read, Zuoyou Chunfang Zuoyou Zhongyun, heads of various ministries and institutes, the official verdict of Beijing government, the official verdict of Jingxian county magistrate, and the official verdict of all provinces. (Wu) the door is always thousands, and the camp is always thousands.
From the six grades-(text) about Chunfang about Zanshan, Hanlin Academy, Guanglu Temple, Zhili Prefecture, Tongzhou, Tongzhou. General Qian of the Ministry of Armed Forces.
Zhengqipin-(text) Edited by Hanlin Academy, Seven-pin calligraphy and paste style in various ministries and institutes, professor of Shuntianfu studies, discipline, county magistrate of Chengwai County in Jingxian County, and professor of various government studies. (Wu) general manager.
From seven categories —— (text) Review of the Hanlin Academy, Chinese Book in the Chinese Book Division, Chinese Book in the Cabinet, Dr. imperial academy, State Judgment in Zhili Prefecture, and State Judgment. (Wu) Deputy Commandant of Shengjing Nomadic.
Zhengbapin —— (Text) Imperial Physician of Tai Hospital, Eight-pin calligraphy and paste style of each department and hospital, experience of foreign government, teaching instructions from other counties, counties, states, and counties. (military) outsourcing thousands of managers.
From the Eight Grades-(Text) The Imperial Academy Canon Book, Government, State and County Discipline. (5) appoint a xiaoqi commandant.
Zhengjiupin-(text) Nine-pin calligraphy and paste style in various ministries and hospitals, and county main book. (5) the general manager of the outsourcing Committee.
From the nine grades-(text) Imperial Academy waits for imperial edicts, Xing Department supervises prisons, state officials watch, and makes inspections. (5) Additional outsourcing.
Not inflow-(text) The officials of the Dian Shi, Yi Cheng and He Bo Institute in Beijing and other counties (military attache not inflow).
Terminology of appointment, removal and elevation of official positions in ancient times
Regarding the appointment of officials, there are: appointment, conferment, removal, worship, sealing (for title), gift (for posthumous sealing of the deceased), levy, creation, recommendation, promotion (mostly for cloth as an official) and point (for oral English).
About the promotion of posts, there are: deciding or (for changing from a lower level to a lower level), advancing (for adding a higher position), resuming (restoring the original position), and overstepping.
About demotion and dismissal: strike, exemption, dismissal (dismissal due to non-serious negligence), demotion, demotion (demotion due to negligence), reform, resignation (dismissal for investigation), vacancy opening (dismissal on orders or at one's own request), official appointment (retirement with post) and left relocation (demotion).
On the transfer of posts: transfer, transfer, apprenticeship, quantity transfer (transfer is slightly better than the original post), supplement (formal appointment from standby)
Part-time job: collar (with this official as a lower post), photo (temporarily holding a post higher than this official), power (temporary post), travel (acting for a certain post without this official title), (replacing a post without this official), and protection (the original official leaves his post for a short time, and he is on the verge of guarding the seal).
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Words used in ancient official changes
1, except, appointment and appointment, generally refers to removing the old post and granting a new post. For example, Wen Tianxiang's "Preface to the Guide to the South" "Except for the right prime minister and the Tang dynasty, he is in charge of all the troops."
If it is "left division", it means demotion and appointment.
2, reward, is promulgated by the emperor's special decree, giving official positions, titles or titles. For example, "Tan Sitong": "On the first day of August, Yuan Shikai was summoned to the audience to reward the assistant minister."
3. Promotion by selection. The text "Biography of Hai Rui": "It is Rui who has been sentenced to Jiaxing and is the judge of Xingguo Prefecture."
"Beyond" means "beyond the box". For example, Tan Sitong said: "The emperor surpassed the four titles of military aircraft Zhang Jing, and participated in the New Deal with Yang Rui, Lin Xu and Liu Guangdi."
4. Move and change officials. Usage is complicated, and there are three common situations. First, promotion, such as "Biography of Hai Rui": "Move to Chun 'an County." Harry was promoted from an Oracle to a magistrate. The second is to change the post, which is equivalent to transferring the official position of the original rank, such as "Zhang Hengchuan": "Worship the doctor, and then move to Taishi Order." The official rank of the new official is the same as that of the old one. The third is demotion, that is, "moving to the left." Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip: "Yuanhe ten years, moved to Sima, Jiujiang County." That is, being reduced to Jiangzhou Sima.
5, migration, change of official position, refers to the general transfer. "Zhang Hengchuan": "The official who lives in it will not migrate for years." That is to say, Zhang Heng's official position has not been changed.
6. demotion of officials is equivalent to demotion. Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip: "I came, a year ago, away from the capital, who lives in exile and is ill, becomes Xunyang City."
7, worship, granting official positions, appointment, more refers to the emperor granting official positions. "Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Take each other as a great achievement, and worship as a superior." "Zhang Hengchuan": "The characteristics of the bus are worshipped as a doctor."
8, out, pointed out that Beijing was appointed. "Zhang Hengchuan": "At the beginning of Yonghe, Chu was the phase of Hejian" means that Zhang Heng left Beijing to be the king of Hejian.
9. Go and leave your post. "Zhang Hengchuan": "Since I left my post as a historian, I will be returned after five years." The word "go" here means to leave your post.
10, dismissed from office. Biography of Qu Yuan: "Qu Yuan lost his life, and then Qin wanted to cut Qi, and Qi was close to Chu."
It should be noted that "disgrace" is the same as "relegation", but there are differences. relegation comes from the imperial edict, and sometimes it is the punishment of the boss to the subordinate officials. The "disgrace" of "hiding the messenger" in "Book Bo Chicken Affairs" refers to "Taiwan officials"
1 1, release, exile. For example, in Biography of Qu Yuan in Historical Records, the word "release" means relegation and exile.
"Release" sometimes refers to the transfer of Beijing officials to other places. For example, in Tan Sitong, "release the magistrate of Ningxia and be promoted to Ningxia Road" means "appointment".
12, 锛, promotion, refers to the promotion and use of officials. For example, Zhuge Liang's "Teacher's Watch": "In the palace, everything is integrated, and it is not suitable for similarities and differences." "Lu" refers to promotion and use.
"Yu" is often used with "Yu" to indicate the advance and retreat of talents, and it is said that "Yu" is demoted to a higher position and "Yu" is promoted to a higher position. For example, Han Yu's Preface to Sending Li Pangu: "I don't know the chaos, but I don't know it."
13, seize, dismiss from office. For example, "Book Bo Chicken Person's Affairs", "The emissary was arrested and defended, and threatened to seize his official".
14, strike, dismiss the official position. "Book Bo Chicken Affairs" refers to being dismissed from office.
15, reply, restore the old post. "Re-appointment" in "To keep an official again" in Shu Bo Ji Zhe Shi means to re-appoint and restore the old post.