Summary of knowledge points in the seventh grade geography book II: America
1, Overview of the United States: * * * There are 48 states and one special zone, and the overseas states are Alaska near the Arctic Circle and Hawaii near the Tropic of Cancer. Most of the United States is located in the north temperate zone, and only Alaska is mostly located.
The northern cold zone, Hawaii is in the tropics. The United States is located in the northern hemisphere and the western hemisphere, and its native land is bordered by the west. Pacific Ocean, east of ②? Atlantic Ocean, facing to the south? Gulf of Mexico, North
Adjacent to Canada and adjacent to Mexico in the southwest; Alaska is near the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
Pingyang; Hawaii is located near the Tropic of Cancer in the Pacific Ocean.
2. Immigrant countries: a large collection of immigrants. The United States is the third most populous country in the world, and its population is mainly composed of European white descendants (84%) and Asian immigrants.
Descendants (yellow race), blacks (13%, ancestors were sold as slaves)
The indigenous people are Indians (yellow race), and the number is not much; Chinese and China
There are nearly1600,000 overseas Chinese in the United States, and the cities with the largest number of Chinese and overseas Chinese are San Francisco, Los Angeles and new york.
3. Advantages of specialization in areas with agricultural characteristics: it is conducive to large-scale mechanized production; Conducive to improving agricultural production efficiency; Conducive to the development of agriculture according to local conditions.
4. Terrain: the land (Appalachian Mountain). The plain area accounts for more than half of the country's total area, and the cultivated land is vast.
5. The main irrigation water sources for agriculture are: the largest freshwater lake).
6. The favorable conditions for developing agriculture in the United States:
Geographical location: The United States has a vast territory, most of which are located in temperate and subtropical zones, and Hawaii is located in the tropics, which is rich in heat and is conducive to the development of agricultural production. The United States is facing the sea on three sides and is influenced by the ocean. The climate is warm and humid, which is very beneficial to agricultural production.
② Topography: The United States is dominated by plains, which account for more than12 of the country's total area. The cultivated land is vast, accounting for about 10% of the world's cultivated land. The soil is fertile and beneficial to agricultural development.
③ Climate: The climate of the United States is dominated by temperate continental climate, and it has the characteristics of diversity. The high temperature period of temperate continental climate is consistent with the rainy period. The annual precipitation in the United States decreases from southeast to northwest, and the precipitation in the east of the Rocky Mountain is over 500mm, so the water condition is good.
There are many rivers and lakes in the United States: the Mississippi River is the fourth longest river in the world. It runs through the central part of the United States with a large amount of water and a wide basin area. The Great Lakes are the largest freshwater lakes in the world. The Mississippi River and the Great Lakes provide good conditions for agricultural irrigation. On the basis of its superior natural conditions, the United States has made great efforts to develop agriculture and become a big agricultural country in the world. The production and export of many agricultural products rank among the top in the world. America is the country that exports the most agricultural products in the world. The output and export of corn and soybean rank first in the world.
8. American industry
(1), the base of the world's high-tech industries: The United States is the world's first economic power, with a high degree of industrial modernization, complete industrial departments, the world's leading output value, a variety of new products, and a large output. Many industrial products rank among the world's leading industrial countries, which is the key factor for the United States to become the first economic power. The United States has always attached importance to developing a knowledge-based economy and vigorously developed knowledge-intensive high-tech industries. At present, the economic growth of the United States mainly comes from the development of high-tech industries. The earliest and largest high-tech industrial center in the United States is Silicon Valley in the southeast of San Francisco.
9. Resource-consuming country: The developed economy of the United States is based on the massive consumption of global resources and the destruction of the earth's environment, so the United States is also the world's largest resource consumer and waste emitter, and should bear the main responsibility for the sustainable development of world resources and environment.
Summary of knowledge points in the second volume of geography in grade seven (1)
Russia
1, location: Russia has a high latitude, and most of it is located in the north temperate zone. European countries spanning Asia and Europe: Although the area of Europe is only 1/4, its population accounts for 3/4. Industry, agriculture, capital and major cities are all located in Europe, and it has always been the national political, economic and cultural center in history. Therefore, it has always been recognized as a European country. ), also across the eastern and western hemispheres. It faces the Baltic Sea in the west, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Black Sea in the southwest and North America across the Bering Strait in the northeast. The main neighbors are Finland, Belarus, Ukraine in the west, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea in the south.
2. Russia is the largest country in the world, with the longest distance from east to west and the widest longitude across Asia and Europe.
3. Climate type and characteristics: temperate continental climate is dominant, and climate characteristics: long and cold winter and short and warm summer. There are great differences in different places, with a cold polar climate in the north, a Mediterranean climate and a temperate grassland climate in the south, and a temperate monsoon climate in the east.
(Find out the following knowledge points in Figure 7.45 on page 4/kloc-0 in the book, and remember the position:)
5. Terrain: relatively flat, mainly plain.
From west to east, it is: Eastern Europe Plain, Western Siberia Plain, Central Siberia Plateau, Eastern Siberia Mountain,
Mountain: Ural Mountain, Great Caucasus Mountain
6. Rivers and lakes: The Volga River is the longest river in Europe. It is known as the mother Volga and flows into the Caspian Sea. Rich in water power, it is the most important inland waterway, called? Navigation between the five seas? ; Ob river, Yenisei River and Lega River are rich in water energy and have a long freezing period. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.
Find out the following knowledge points in Figure 7.48 on page 44 of the book, and remember the location:
7. Resources: Russia is rich in natural resources and reserves. It is one of the few big countries in the world that can be self-sufficient. The main minerals are: oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nonferrous metals, etc. The main mineral areas are: Kursk iron mine, Tyumen oilfield, the second Baku oilfield and Kuzbas coal mine.
8. Russia has the largest coniferous forest in the sub-frigid zone in the world, so it is rich in forest resources.
9. Industrial characteristics: heavy industry is developed, while consumer goods manufacturing (light industry) develops slowly.
10, industrial distribution: mainly distributed in Europe.
The main industrial zones are: St. Petersburg Industrial Zone, Moscow Industrial Zone, Ural Industrial Zone and Novosibirsk Industrial Zone.
1 1, Transportation: Russia has a complete transportation department, with developed railway, highway, aviation, inland river and pipeline transportation, mainly railway transportation. Russia's railway network in Europe is very dense, radiating from Moscow; The railway network in Asia is sparse, and there is a railway across Asia and Europe called? Eurasian Continental Bridge? This part of Russia is called trans-siberian railway.
12, two main modes of transportation: road and railway; Russia's passenger transport is mainly by rail and road, and freight transport is mainly by pipeline and railway; Pipeline transportation is a new mode of transportation that combines lines and transportation tools, mainly transporting oil and natural gas. )
13. Why is the Abelia Railway built along the southern mountainous area? The first reason is that the southern mountainous area is rich in mineral resources. Secondly, the northern part of Russia has a deep frozen soil layer because of its high latitude, cold all year round and low temperature. It is difficult to build a railway on the frozen soil layer, and the safety factor is low.
14. Find out the following main ports in Figure 7.50 on page 46 of the book:
Murmansk (an ice-free port north of the Arctic Circle), St. Petersburg (Russia's second largest city and main port, near the Baltic Sea), Vladivostok (also known as Vladivostok, the starting point of the Eurasian Continental Bridge, near the Pacific Ocean)
15。 Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia, and the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the whole country. There is the famous Red Square and the Kremlin here.
Summary of knowledge points in the second volume of geography in grade seven (2)
The reason why the Middle East has become a long-term hot issue;
1, Important geographical location: the land of two oceans, three continents and five seas. (The junction of Asia, Africa and Europe) (Caspian Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Arabian Sea).
2. Abundant oil resources: At present, the Middle East is the region with the largest oil reserves and the largest oil production and export in the world. The oil in the Middle East is transported to western Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries by tankers from ports along the Persian Gulf.
① Shipped to Japan.
Persian Gulf? The Strait of Hormuz? Indian Ocean? Malacca Strait? Pacific Ocean? Japan
(2) shipped to western Europe, the United States.
Persian Gulf? The Strait of Hormuz? Arabian Sea? Manderham gorge? Red Sea? Suez canal? Mediterranean? The Strait of Gibraltar? Atlantic? Western Europe, USA
(3) shipped to western Europe, the United States.
Persian Gulf? The Strait of Hormuz? Arabian Sea? Indian Ocean? Bypass the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa? Atlantic? Western Europe, USA
3. Abundant water resources: The Middle East is located on the west coast and inside the mainland where the Tropic of Cancer passes, and it is hot and dry all year round, with a tropical desert climate as the main climate.
4. Cultural differences: an important cause of instability in the Middle East.