Economic problems, lack of money or corruption ...
Cultural relics have been seriously damaged due to many reasons.
It is understood that at present, National Cultural Heritage Administration has organized expert groups to go to Sichuan, Chongqing, Gansu, Shaanxi and other places to conduct in-depth on-the-spot investigation and assessment of damaged cultural relics, and organize rescue and emergency repair.
"The focus of the expert group's work is to find out the specific conditions of immovable cultural relics and museum personnel, buildings and cultural relics." Dan Jixiang, director of National Cultural Heritage Administration, said.
Previously, National Cultural Heritage Administration had provided a set of data about the damage of cultural relics. According to incomplete statistics, in this earthquake, two world cultural heritages, 127 national key cultural relics protection units, 192 provincial cultural relics protection units and more than 2,700 cultural relics were damaged, including 254 precious cultural relics.
Experts on cultural relics said that one of the reasons for the serious damage to cultural relics in the earthquake was that all the provinces affected by the earthquake basically belonged to areas with dense cultural heritage in China. Take Sichuan as an example. The disaster-stricken areas not only have world cultural heritages such as Dujiangyan, Qingcheng Mountain and Dazu Stone Carvings, but also have nature reserves such as Wolong, Jiuzhaigou and Huanglong, which are world natural heritages. These places have gathered unique cultural relics of ethnic minorities. Many types of protected cultural relics, such as sites of cultural relics and historical sites and cultural relics in collections, have been damaged, and the scope of damage covers cultural relics protection units at all levels.
Song Xinchao, director of National Cultural Heritage Administration Museum Department, said in an interview that in recent years, many counties have their own museums, and a large-scale museum group has been formed in the society, which is one of the reasons for the great loss.
"The lack of protection awareness in the cultural relics department is another reason for the serious damage to cultural relics." Song Xinchao said that some cultural relics collection units have incomplete facilities, especially county-level cultural management offices. Because cultural relics are not kept in boxes, they fall to the ground during the earthquake. At the same time, there is also a lack of specific requirements for earthquake prevention measures for cultural relics construction and cultural relics storage, display and exhibition.
"Some cultural relics have not been repaired for many years, and when they encounter particularly serious natural disasters, they will" get sick "or even" die. " Wu Tao, deputy chief engineer of Chongqing Cultural Relics Bureau, said in an interview with the media.
The reconstruction of cultural relics after the disaster faces great difficulties.
On May 26th, an expert group of cultural relics protection for earthquake relief led by Tong Mingkang, deputy director of National Cultural Heritage Administration, arrived at Erwangmiao Scenic Area, which indicated that the restoration and repair of cultural relics after the disaster in Sichuan was officially started.
With regard to the starting time of the specific repair and reconstruction of cultural relics, Tong Mingkang said that it must wait until the aftershocks have passed and become stable. If the natural and cultural sites belong to the national level, it is necessary to work with the relevant organizations of the world natural and cultural sites, the Ministry of Construction and National Cultural Heritage Administration to formulate specific repair plans, which can only be implemented after being approved by the Ministry of Culture.
At present, National Cultural Heritage Administration is organizing powerful cultural and cultural institutions that have not been affected by the disaster to start preparations for the repair of ancient buildings and cultural relics, and formulate specific rescue and maintenance plans. In mid-June, a national mobilization meeting of cultural relics system to support disaster areas will be held, and an agreement will be signed to provide counterpart support.
Some cultural relics protection experts told reporters that cultural relics are different from others, and behind the word "reconstruction" is more about how to respect the original appearance for repair and protection. However, historical sites and cultural relics in the collection need to be treated differently. If we are not careful in the process of rebuilding cultural relics, cultural relics will lose their original historical appearance and significance.
Xu Pingfang, chairman of the China Archaeological Society, believes that the restoration of cultural relics after the disaster is facing great difficulties and challenges. Unlike the collapsed houses, the restoration of the site cannot be rushed. How to restore the architectural features of the original site needs to be demonstrated by authoritative experts in China before it can be implemented. In addition, the protective restoration also needs detailed archives. If the ancient building collapses completely, it can't be repaired at all. "The reconstruction work should be carried out in strict accordance with the law and regulations.
China's cultural relics protection law stipulates that the principle of not changing the original state of cultural relics must be observed when repairing, maintaining and moving immovable cultural relics. One of the provisions on the protection principle in the Guidelines for the Protection of Cultural Relics and Monuments in China is that the original site must be protected. According to Luo Zhewen, cultural relics experts generally refer to this principle as "repairing the old as the old". Immovable cultural relics that suffered severe trauma in this earthquake should also be carried out according to this principle.
Luo Zhewen, president of the China Cultural Relics Society, said that if some sites are proved by experts to be incapable of being repaired on the original site, they can only be considered for off-site protection. The Guidelines for the Protection of Cultural Relics and Monuments in China also stipulates such a clause: Only when irresistible natural disasters occur or because of the needs of major national construction projects, relocation and protection become the only effective means, can they be moved as they are and protected in different places.
According to the provisions of the Measures for the Administration of Cultural Relics Protection Projects, cultural relics protection projects are divided into maintenance projects, emergency rescue and reinforcement projects, repair projects, protective facilities construction projects and relocation projects. Luo Zhewen said that in the face of this major natural disaster, I'm afraid these types of projects may be used. He said that the restoration and protection of cultural relics is a complex and huge systematic project, involving all aspects, and it is by no means a simple act that can end. In order to better protect cultural relics, it may be necessary to carry out various projects in stages according to the needs of cultural relics.
On the question of who is the specific undertaker of the repair of damaged cultural relics, the relevant staff in National Cultural Heritage Administration said in an interview that according to the provisions of relevant laws, there are two situations. One is that when a cultural relics protection unit needs to repair, relocate or rebuild the project, the unit involved in construction activities shall obtain the qualification certificate of cultural relics protection project of corresponding grade issued by the administrative department of cultural relics and the qualification certificate of corresponding grade issued by the administrative department of construction at the same time. The other is the repair, relocation and reconstruction of cultural relics protection units that do not involve construction activities, as long as the units that have obtained the qualification certificates of cultural relics protection projects of corresponding grades issued by the administrative departments of cultural relics are qualified to undertake.
Disaster prevention laws and management systems need to be improved.
In the face of such a huge disaster, can we really only "give in easily"? The sudden disaster makes us feel sorry for the destruction of cultural relics, but also puts forward new thoughts on the protection of cultural relics.
Wu Tao, deputy chief engineer of Chongqing Municipal Bureau of Cultural Relics, believes that strengthening the supervision of cultural relics in peacetime and clarifying the responsibility system at different levels are all important measures for the protection of cultural relics, and at the same time, a perfect management system and methods should be established to deal with emergencies.
"I think that the earthquake prevention measures for cultural relics in Japan, an earthquake-prone country, are worth learning." Xu Pingfang said that most Japanese cultural relics are fixed on cabinets with bases, and even if the cabinets fall down, the cultural relics will be fine. Moreover, Japanese museums have a very high level of earthquake resistance, and they usually become people's shelters when earthquakes occur.
The reporter carefully searched for various laws, regulations and methods related to the protection of cultural relics, and only found a principled provision related to preventing disasters from damaging cultural relics in the Guidelines for the Protection of Cultural Relics and Monuments in China: preventing disasters from attacking. Some people in the legal profession believe that it is necessary to fully estimate the possible harm of various disasters to cultural relics and tourists and formulate a careful rescue plan to deal with sudden disasters. Without a detailed implementation rule, such principled provisions can easily be submerged in many legal provisions, thus losing or reducing the operability in reality.
After the earthquake, some legal scholars suggested that legal provisions should be added to the legal system of cultural relics protection to prevent and deal with the damage of cultural relics caused by disasters. They believe that only after perfecting and perfecting the legal system and management system for disaster prevention and protection of cultural relics will those precious cultural relics bearing national history and eventful years not be injured again in the face of disasters.