(1) provinces

According to Geographical Records of the History of Yuan Dynasty, there were 1 1 provincial books in the Yuan Dynasty, which were divided into 185 road, 33 prefectures, 359 states and127 counties. The ministers of the Jin Dynasty went to the local government to directly lead the military and political affairs, saying that "it is easy to go to the ministers". In the process of destroying gold in Mongolia, Lu Huahua was sent to Yanjing to be responsible for the punishment and wealth of the Central Plains. Han Chinese officials followed the gold system, saying that Yanjing would save trouble by going to ministers. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, a Chinese book province was set up in the central government. In order to deal with the central and local affairs, Kublai Khan successively established "Book Province in China" and "Book Province in China" in the capitals Kaiping, Yanjing, Jingzhao and Pingyang. Most of the provinces in this period belonged to the temporary agencies of Zhongshu Province, which presided over political, economic and military affairs at the local level. They were set up according to the situation, and there was no relatively stable jurisdiction and jurisdiction. For example, "Shaanxi and other places travel to China's book province", from 1260- 1273, it went back and forth in Jingzhao, Lizhou and Xingyuan, and its administrative areas sometimes included Sichuan and Gansu, and sometimes it was divided into separate provinces.

1273 yuan army marched south and soon destroyed the song dynasty. The old Xinjiang in the Southern Song Dynasty was completely returned to the Yuan Dynasty. According to Geography of the Yuan Dynasty, at that time, the Yuan Dynasty ruled over the territory, which was "over Yinshan Mountain in the north, quicksand in the west, Liaozuo in the east and the sea surface in the south". It is very difficult for such a vast area to be governed only by the central organs of the capital and local temporary administrative organs. Therefore, provinces began to evolve into fixed official names of local administrative regions. Before and after Kublai Khan destroyed the Song Dynasty, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Liaoyang, Gansu, Yunnan, Zhengdong and other provinces were established one after another. Yuan Chengzong Dade 1 1 year (1307), and the former Mongolian headquarters directly under the central government was set up as the forestry province. In the year of Emperor Qingyuan in Yuan Renzong (13 12), Heling Province was changed to Lingbei Province. At this point, the organizational system of provinces in the Yuan Dynasty was determined and remained unchanged for a long time.

1 1 "provinces" and their capitals, with jurisdiction as follows:

Henan, Jiangbei and other places go to Zhongshu Province, administer Bianliang and unify Henan 12 Road, 7 Houses 1 State;

Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places go to Zhongshu Province, govern Hangzhou, unify Hangzhou and other 30 roads 1 Fu 2 States;

Jiangxi and other places are in Zhongshu Province, governing Longxing House, and unifying Longxing, etc. 18 Road 9 States;

Huguang and other places are in Zhongshu Province, governing Ezhou, and unifying Ezhou, etc. 30 roads and 3 houses 15 appeasement department 3 army 13 state;

Shaanxi and other places are in the province of Zhongshu, governing Jingzhao and unifying Jingzhao, etc. 4 roads, 5 houses and 27 States;

Sichuan and other places are in the book province, governing Chengdu, and unifying Chengdu and other 9 roads and 3 houses;

Liaoyang and other places go to Zhongshu Province, manage Liaoyang Road and unify Liaoyang Road 7 1 government;

Gansu and other places go to Zhongshu Province, Zhizhi Ganzhou, Tongganzhou and other 7 roads and 2 States;

Yunnan and other places are in Zhongshu Province, Zhizhongqing Road, Tongzhongqing and other 37 roads and 5 houses;

Zhengdong and other places go to Zhongshu Province, rule Jing Wang, unify Daluo and other two provinces 1 Division, Qingshang and other five roads;

Lingbei and other places go to Zhongshu Province, Zhihe Ning Road and Tongbei.

The above 1 1 provinces governed more than 60% of the territory of the Yuan Dynasty. In addition, the part adjacent to the capital, including 29 roads and 8 States in Dadu (that is, the land north of the Yellow River, east and west of Taihang Mountain) is called "belly" and directly under the jurisdiction of Zhongshu Province; Tubo and Uighur areas are under the control of Xuanzheng Academy and Dadu Hufu respectively. Duhu House has Daduhu, Tongzhi and Deputy Duhu, and is the chief justice in charge of litigation between Uighur and Han nationalities.

Provinces have considerable power to handle domestic politics and economy, such as criminal litigation, official relocation, tax collection, and even military reclamation and post shops. The establishment, names and titles of provincial officials are mostly the same as those of Chinese book provinces. "Yuan Shi Bai Guan Zhi Qi" said: "Every province has a prime minister, from one product; Two members of the flat chapter, from one product; You cheng is a member, Zuo cheng is a member, and he is the second product; Participate in the political affairs of two members, from the second product, Gansu and Lingbei provinces each reduced by one; Langzhong two members, from five products, Yuanwailang two members, from six products, all two members, from seven products; History, Mongolia must be red, return to the history, pass the matter, know the seal, and announce the mission. There are differences in staffing in each province. " Later, for fear of local weight, many provinces did not have prime ministers.

In 1 1 provinces, only the establishment of "Zhengdong and other provinces in China" is strange, and its authority consists of two parts: one is the "vassal" Korea attached to the Yuan Dynasty; First, the second government 1 Division 5 directly under the rule of the Yuan Central Committee. The prime minister of his province, from Yingzong to the first year of the reign of Emperor Zhi (132 1 year), was led by the king of Korea, and he could choose his own official family. Its subordinate administrative agencies are consistent with other provinces.

Because many provinces have too large a jurisdiction, the Yuan Dynasty had to set up "Marshal's Mansion of Xuanwei Department, Marshal's Mansion of Xuanwei Department in charge of military households" and "Xuanfu Department" in remote areas and border areas away from the provincial capitals. Xuanwei Department and Xuanfu Department are located between provinces, cities, prefectures and prefectures, and play the role of uploading and distributing. They are mostly located in ethnic minority areas and participate in local officials. "History of the Yuan Dynasty: Seven Records of Hundred Officials" said: "Xuanwei Department is in charge of military and civilian affairs, and the road is divided into general counties. If there is a decree in the province, it will be distributed to the province. If there is a border army, it will also be the Marshal House, and then it will be the Marshal House. It is far away, and there are also ambassadors such as soliciting, appeasing and proclaiming. " Sometimes, it can also handle military and political affairs on behalf of provinces.

Geographical factors were not seriously considered in the division of provincial boundaries in Yuan Dynasty. For example, Guizhou is located between Sichuan and Henan provinces, but it belongs to Huguang provinces that are not connected with it; Xingyuan Road and Mianzhou, both located in Hanzhong Basin in the upper reaches of Hanshui River, belong to Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces. In this way, future generations have to make great adjustments in the division of administrative regions. Therefore, although the Ming and Qing dynasties and even the modern provinces originated from the provinces in the Yuan Dynasty, the provincial boundaries are rarely the old appearance of the Yuan Dynasty.

After Zhengzhi 1 1 year (135 1 year), peasant uprisings spread all over the country. In order to save its crumbling rule, Yuan Shundi sent a large number of officials to take charge of military and political affairs. In order to suppress the peasant uprising army, the Yuan Dynasty divided the original provinces one after another, such as Henan province and Huainan Jiangbei province. It is divided into Hunan and Guangdong provinces, but not "Guangxi and other places are in the middle of the book province". However, the establishment of these provinces and sub-provinces has been of no help to the continuation of the Yuan regime. Under the heavy blow of the peasant army, "Xiongdu is a huge town, sealed by the vassal king, and ruled by the vassal minister; The high city is well defended, and the halberd is strong, and the ring needs to be broken, and few people are solid in their country "("Qingyang Collection Yuan Jungong Ming and Preface "). At the same time, in the regime established by the peasant uprising army, the province is also the highest local authority. For example, the "Han" regime established four provinces: Jiangnan, Bianliang, Longshu and Jiangxi; The Song regime established five provinces: Jiangnan, Yidu, Huai 'an, Liaoyang and Cao Zhou.

The subordinate officials of all provinces include the inspection office, the inspection office, the inspection office, the inspection office, the inspection office, the inspection office, the management office, the inquiry office, and the town office ("History of the Yuan Dynasty, Records of Hundred Officials Seven"). In Mongolia, school officials are promoted, and there are or are not in each province. In addition, there are salt transshipment departments in Huaibei, Zhejiang, Fujian and other places, tea and salt transshipment departments in Sichuan, salt lifting departments in Guangdong and city shipping lifting departments.

The administrative areas below the provinces are roads, and each road is generally set up with a household office and a general management office. It is stipulated that those who are more than100000 are on the road, and those who are less than100000 are off the road (in important areas, regardless of the number of accounts, they are all on the road). Every household in every household and the general manager of the general manager's office are subordinate officials who have the same knowledge, administer China, judge, push officials, experience, governor, mirror, translate history and general affairs, as well as Confucian professors, Mongolian professors, medical professors, professors of Yin and Yang, wardens and wardens, ambassador Kutiling, ambassador of Weaving and Dyeing Bureau, ambassador of Miscellaneous Bureau, ambassador of Fucang, and ambassador of Huimin Pharmacy Bureau. In addition, there are clerks, waiters and judges in the recorder's department to be full-time civil servants in the city. In Beijing, there are police patrol courts.

There is a mansion under the road, and the mansion in the Yuan Dynasty is messy, either belonging to the road, or to the provinces, or directly under the Zhongshu Province; Some have jurisdiction over counties, while others do not. Generally, each government has officials such as tongzhi, judge, magistrate, governor and prosecutor. If there is no road, there will be a magistrate or prefect.

There are states under Lufu, and there are upper, middle and lower states according to the number of households. Each state has officials such as knowing the state and knowing the same, while remote areas have troops instead of States, and their establishment is the same as that of the state. In the Yuan Dynasty, the military rank was hereditary, and its military system set up thousands of households as "the leader of thousands of families", which also belonged to thousands of households. Thousands of households in various counties belong to all kinds of houses. Set up thousands of households to command hundreds of households: more than 700 troops are called thousands of households; More than 500 soldiers are called zhongqian households; More than 300 soldiers are called thousands of houses, each with "Daruhuachi" 1 member and thousands of houses 1 member.

There are counties under the state, and they are also divided into upper, middle and lower counties according to the number of households. Each county has county officials such as County Yin, County Cheng, Book, Commandant, Canon History and Inspection.

In the 2nd year of Zhiyuan (1265), Kublai Khan wrote, "Mongolians fill all roads with flowers, while Han people fill the main pipes, and Hui people fill the same knowledge, which will always be customized". Mongolian Daluhuachi official was set up as early as Genghis Khan, and Wokuotai set up Daluhuachi management administration in various places. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, Da Lu Hua Chi held the highest position among local officials, but he often did not actually take charge of things and became a special official above local officials, so he was called a "prison officer". The widespread implementation of the Daruhuachi system clearly shows the privileged position of the Mongolian ruling class.

Below the county level, it is divided into townships and capitals, with a leader and a leader, who is responsible for urging money and food and supplying chores. The Yuan government also organized 50 cooperatives into one, and the cooperatives had a president, who was responsible for "teaching and persuading the people of the cooperatives to be diligent in agriculture", but in fact it was to strengthen control over the people.

(2) The Privy Council.

There is a book-in-the-middle province, a book-in-the-middle province, a book-in-the-middle platform, and a privy council, referred to as the line court. "Yuan Shi Bai Guan Zhi Er" states, "When there was a conquest at the beginning of the country, the Privy Council was set up. If you make a big expedition, you will stop at the hospital. For one thing, it is called the Privy Council somewhere. " It means that the "executive yuan" and the "executive privy Council" are two different settings: those set up for the great conquest are called "executive yuan"; Those who are set up for one party's affairs are called "the Privy Council". Look at the "Sai Zu Ji" and you will know its mistakes. Zhiyuan 1 1 year (1274), when Yuan cut down the Song Dynasty on a large scale, it once set up Jinghu and Huaixi two courtyards, also known as the Privy Council in the records. It can be seen that there is no hospital outside the Privy Council, and there is no Privy Council outside the hospital. "History of the Yuan Dynasty, Ji II of the Ancestor" recorded that in July of the 4th year of the reunification of China (1263), "Chengdu was transferred to Xichuan Hangyuan". However, Records of 100 Officials III says: "Nishikawa went to the Privy Council, and it was only four years after the reunification of China", so it can be seen that "going to the hospital" and "going to the Privy Council" are different versions of the same concept.

In the Yuan Dynasty, there were the following Privy Councils in various places:

Xichuanxing Privy Council (governing Chengdu)

Central China was established in 4 years, with 2 officials, who were in charge of taxation and payment of banknotes by the military and civilians in Xichuan, the hunting of falconers and craftsmen, the management of public affairs, and the control of officials, people of all colors, and officers' relocation and recruitment. In Zhiyuan 10 (1273), Dongchuanxing Privy Council was established in Chongqing, with an officer 1 member. 13 years (1276) and was a hospital. Soon, it will be divided into Dongchuan Hangyuan. 16 years (1279). In the 28th year (129 1 year), Sichuan hospital was established again in Chengdu.

Jiangnan xingprivy Council

There is this article in Baiguan Zhi, but it is not mentioned in the narrative. The institutions listed under it are Jinghu Institute, Huaixi Branch, Yangzhou Institute and Yuezhou Institute, all of which are not in the south of the Yangtze River. When it was set up in the Yuan Dynasty to capture Jiangnan, it was called Jiangnan Privy Council.

Gansu Provincial Privy Council (governing Ganzhou)

It was set up in the fourth year (13 1 1 year), with four officers to adjust the West Road. Later, the Prime Minister of Gansu Province raised the tone and went to the hospital.

He' nan xingprivy Council

In the first year of Zhihe (1328), they were separated and were in charge of dispatching. The first year of the calendar (1329) was abolished.

Northbound privy Council

It was set up in the second year of the calendar, and it was in charge of military affairs in the border court. All matters, big or small, were subject to the ruling.

Sichuan, Huguang, Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Zhejiang hospitals

It was established in the 3rd year of Shundi to Yuan Dynasty (1337), and it was abolished in the following year. Since then, the hospitals have been set up temporarily for the purpose of calming civil strife.