my country has vast rivers and seas with criss-crossing rivers. Ancient ancestors used rafts and canoes to start primitive water activities very early. With the development of social productivity, water transportation gradually prospered. "The boat is used for riding horses, and the huge sea is used for Yi Geng". Maritime management, which was born in response to the "transportation", accompanied the development of water transportation, boosted my country's economy, politics, foreign trade and cultural exchanges in different historical periods, and played a major role in promoting the development of ancient maritime management for thousands of years. The Tang Dynasty was an important period for the development of maritime management.
Formation of a professional management system with independent administration
my country's maritime management began in Qin Caozheng, but flourished in Tang Dynasty. Since the opening of the Grand Canal in the Sui Dynasty and the main stream of the Yangtze River, the economy in the south has gradually prospered. The food required by the dynasties that established their capitals in the north relied on the south. By the Tang Dynasty, "today's gifts are all over the world, and nine people in the south of the Yangtze River". Water transportation was directly related to the safety and survival of the regimes of the Tang Dynasty. It was the transportation of grain between the government and the royal family. The imperial courts of the Tang Dynasty raised water transportation and maritime management to a certain height, and set up dedicated officials to manage water transportation and maritime management affairs. And maritime management agencies have mainly established the "Water Department" under the Ministry of Industry of Shangshu Province and the independent "Du Water Supervision" in important ports along the coast and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the "Water and Land Transport Envoys" or "Transshipment Envoys" dispatched by the central government. "There are 336 officials under the Ministry of Water. The highest person in charge of water transportation is the Jianghuai Transport Envoy, and the person in charge of maritime management is the "Du Water Supervisor". From the sixth year of Zhenguan (632), the "Zhouji Office" was set up to manage water administration and maritime affairs. It was later abandoned due to insufficient needs. Later, the Water and Land Shipping Envoy was established to take charge of water transportation and maritime affairs between Luoyang and Chang'an, and the Jianghuai Transport Envoy was established to manage the water transportation and maritime affairs between Luoyang and Chang'an. Water transportation and maritime affairs in various areas in the south of the Yangtze River. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, due to the increasing importance of water transportation, ministers often served as transshipment envoys. After the Gangyun system was formed, local governors were entrusted with their respective responsibilities. At that time, the Jianghuai transfer envoy and the top person in charge of the "Du Shui Supervisor" established by the imperial court were stationed in Yangzhou, Jiangsu. From the 31st year of Kaiyuan (733) to the first year of Tianyou (904), there were Pei Yaoqing, Liu Yan, Du You, Han Huang, Pei Xiu and other 24 people successively served here, taking charge of national water transportation and maritime management affairs. During this period, Liu Yan was promoted to Jianghuai transshipment envoy in the first year of Guangde (763 AD). After the Anshi Rebellion, various transshipment envoys were established, forming a capable professional transshipment management system independent of the administrative system. Among them, the management of maritime affairs included " "Inspection of the Courtyard". The professional maritime institutions established by Tang Dynasty are unmatched by subsequent generations.
During this period, as Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and other cities became world-famous cities, the "Atlas" written by Arab mathematicians ranked Guangzhou and Hangzhou in my country as the 15th and 16th cities in the world. Yangzhou is the most prosperous city in the country. Its port has become a prosperous commercial port and a large port that integrates the river and the sea. The merchant ships and foreign ships that come and go are "thousands of merchants are mating at sunset, and the spring breeze and wine are flowing together in one city", so it is similar to The foreign shipping management agency of the Municipal Shipping Department was born in response to the "port", and the foreign shipping management agency-City Shipping Department was established until the decline of Yangzhou Port. Later, with the rise of foreign ships entering and exiting the coastal areas and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, foreign shipping management organizations similar to the Yangzhou Shipping Department became increasingly sound. By the Song Dynasty, more than ten ports including Hangzhou, Mingzhou, and Shanghai had institutions for managing foreign ships.
During Emperor Wenzong's reign, the first full-time ship tax collection agency was set up in the Yangtze River Basin, namely the Sikou (today's southwest of Qingjiang City, Jiangsu) tax field. Sikou belonged to Chuzhou in ancient times. It is located on the north bank of the Huaihe River where Xinggou enters. It is a must-pass for boats traveling through the North-South Grand Canal. The establishment of the Sikou tax field in the Tang Dynasty set a precedent for later dynasties to set up tax fields along the Yangtze River.
The dynasty that legislated maritime management regulations for the first time
In the Tang Dynasty, in order to maintain the safety of ships transporting grain, the imperial court gradually established professional water transport and maritime management institutions and set up responsibilities at all levels. While serving as an official, he also prominently legislated on water transportation and maritime management. The most legally authoritative one was the "Tang Code". Based on this, maritime management laws and regulations were formulated. "Gu Tang Lv Shu Yi", "Tang Liu Dian" and "Shui Bu Shi" all include inland river boat navigation regulations, Jindu establishment and management, and river water source management laws and regulations. This was the first feudal dynasty in the history of our country to promulgate and implement maritime management in the form of law. In the history of our country, it is the first complete maritime administration code.
After the Tang Dynasty established its capital in Chang'an in 617 AD, the capital and the north relied on supplies such as grain, salt, and iron from various places in the south of the Yangtze River, and water transportation became one of the routes to the north. For the safety of watercraft navigation, the imperial court formulated a series of management laws and regulations through legislation. The most authoritative code among them is the "Tang Code" formulated by Tang Prime Minister Fang Xuanling and others, which is now found in the "Old Code of the Tang Dynasty" , "Tang Liudian", "Tang Huiyao", "Shuibu Shi", etc., most of them come from "Tang Code". The relevant maritime management laws and regulations in the "Tang Code" are mainly concentrated in four aspects. First, there are regulations for ship inspection and berthing. "Rubbing a boat means sealing up the cracks in the boat, leaking means letting out the leaking water." This requires boat owners to conduct safety inspections on the boat at any time before sailing or during sailing to ensure that the hull is watertight. If there is water seepage, it should be removed immediately to prevent the ship from sinking midway and causing maritime accidents, and to ensure that the ship remains in good seaworthiness. "Anbiao is the place to stay, and the place where the liveaboard is transferred must be within Pushima, and it is still Anbiao, so that visitors can wait and see." According to this regulation, ships must berth overnight on the shore of Puzhou Wharf in the port, and must not Stop for the night on an uninhabited deserted shore. After the boat is berthed, signs must be installed to identify it to ships and passengers.
Secondly, the regulations on ship speed. "The old system...the water travels; for a heavy boat, it can go up the river for thirty miles, forty miles on the river, and forty-five miles of remaining water; for an empty boat, it can go up the river forty miles, for fifty miles on the river, and forty-five miles of remaining water. For boats traveling downstream, the speed of a ship must be the same: one hundred and fifty miles on the river, one hundred miles on the river, and seventy miles on the remaining water. "This regulation has different requirements for the speed of the ship, and the requirements for the speed of the ship are different. And when sailing in difficult and dangerous places, "it is like a broken pillar, so it is not limited to this. If it is windy and the water is shallow and cannot travel, the butterfly will check the mark in the nearby lawsuit and listen to it and break it in half."
Thirdly, ship encounter avoidance regulations. "...the ways of sailing are to avoid each other. If there is a debt, the person who appeals will avoid going along the current, and the offender will pay fifty to each person." It means that ships and bamboo rafts must avoid each other during navigation. In rapids and dangerous shoals, if the upper and lower boats meet, the loading boat must actively avoid the launching boat.
Fourth, ship overloading restrictions. "Gu Tang Lv Shu Yi·Za Lv" contains: "Those who should take the official ship are asked to carry two hundred kilograms of clothing and food. Those who violate the limit and carry it privately, and those who suffer the hardship of sending it and sending it, fifty kilograms and one person, will be flogged five times each. Ten; one hundred catties and two people, each with a hundred sticks (don't worry if the family members are accompanying them). For each one hundred catties and two people, the penalty will be two years. "For those who go out on official ships. , you can only carry a maximum of 200 kilograms of food, clothing, and belongings with you. If you violate the overweight rule, you will be punished by whipping, caning, or even two years in prison, depending on the severity of the case and the amount of the overload. And "The law of ship supervision knows that if a ship is carried privately, the person to whom it is sent is equally guilty as the person who sent it. If it is an empty ship... it does not apply to this law." This law is especially strict for government officials and soldiers serving in the army. Anyone who violates it will be punished. The maximum penalty is 3 years' imprisonment, which also serves as a warning to the public and limits the overloading of ships, which is undoubtedly of great benefit to the safety of ships on water navigation.
In each dynasty of the Tang Dynasty, bridges and ferries were built at the mouth of rivers to facilitate passage, and at the same time, ferries and ferries on large rivers were managed. The Yangtze River Basin cannot be connected by boats and build pontoon bridges like the Yellow River and Wei River Basin. "Liu Dian of the Tang Dynasty" said: "Its laws have no beams, and they are all given to boatmen. They measure their size and difficulty, and determine their differences." The Water Department under the Ministry of Industry of Shangshu Province ordered the states and counties in the Yangtze River Basin to set up more than 10 Tianjin ferries. There are "Xinzhou Jiangjin Ferry; Jingzhou Hongting and Songzi Ferry; Jiangzhou Majia and Shanguan Ferry, each with one boat and six people on board. Yuezhou and Hangzhou Zhejiang Ferry; Hongzhou Chengxia Ferry and Jiujiang Ferry. There are three boats each, and there are four people in each boat. The ferry must be filled by those who have clear water near the river."
In order to ensure water safety, the imperial court strengthened the management of Jindu and promulgated the "Jindu Law" to "deploy troops to defend". According to the "Tang Law": "Where Jindu is used, it should be built If the bridge is used for navigation and boats and rafts should be built but is not built, and if the bridge is moved without authorization, the penalty will be seventy sticks; if it is stopped for pedestrians, the penalty will be one hundred sticks." This means that anyone who does not build a bridge or set up a ferry at the designated Jin ferry site, or who moves the bridge or ferry without permission, the law lord (i.e. Jin Ling, Jin Cheng) will be punished, thus maintaining the order of ferry transportation. .
Maritime management shows a trend of refinement
Sectional navigation will be implemented depending on the water level. . Water transportation, which began in the Qin Dynasty, is a professional transportation method that uses waterways to transport grain (mainly public grain). It is related to palace consumption, official salaries, military salary payments and people's food adjustments, and has become the lifeline for the survival and development of the feudal dynasty. . Maritime management in the Tang Dynasty was mainly to ensure the safety of watercraft navigation. In order to ensure the safety of water transportation, in August of the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (734), Emperor Xuanzong ordered Pei Yaoqing to take charge of water administration. He changed the "long-term transportation method" to a general method, in order to deal with the fluctuations in water levels and climate changes in each section of transportation. The situation prevents Jianghuai ships from entering the river and river ships from entering the Wei River. Warehouses are set up along the river and transported at different levels. If the water is clear, the boats can move, and if the water is shallow, the warehouses are waiting. In the first year of Guangde (763), Liu Yan took charge of the water administration, dredged Bianliang, and reformed the legal system of water transportation: he created the Gang Transportation method. Sea ships carried rice and dry stones. Ten ships were a gang, with 300 people per gang, 50 pole workers, and military attachés. Escort; use part of the salt revenue to hire boatmen to transport grain, and do not requisition migrant workers; station 300 people at every two stations along the river to ensure the safety of the navigation of the watercraft.
Build ships suitable for different river systems. The Tang Dynasty improved the water transportation method and perfected the transfer method; built ships according to the water conditions of each voyage section, adapted to local conditions, divided the water transportation into sections, and trained the watermen, which achieved great results. "The water power of the river, Bian, He, Wei, and Wei is different." Water vessels suitable for various water flow characteristics have been established. "River ships cannot enter Bian, Bian ships cannot enter the river, and river ships cannot enter Wei", thus effectively ensuring the safety of water transportation.
Carry out navigation measurements and inspections of watercraft. According to the "Tang Law", security management is carried out in collecting taxes from merchants who traffic in boats and carts. During the reign of Wu Zetian, the imperial court adopted Cui Rong's suggestion and levied taxes on travelers traveling by boat and carriage. During the Shangyuan period of the Tang Dynasty (AD 760-761), in order to solve financial difficulties, Emperor Suzong Li Heng issued an edict to tax merchants who passed through the ship locks in the canal. Dai tax". The imperial court set up customs and checkpoints at Yanji Ship Lock, so that ships sailing here would be taxed, inspected and measured during the voyage.