Article 1 Selected Knowledge Points of Planning Principles in 2020 Urban and Rural Planner Examination
Division of urban and rural settlements: In daily life, it seems easy to distinguish urban and rural settlements. In fact, there is no unified standard for defining towns in the world. According to the characteristics of their social and economic development, different countries and regions in the world have formulated different standards for defining cities and towns. These standards rarely leave the above-mentioned essential characteristics of cities and towns. The difference is that some countries' standards focus on one characteristic, while others emphasize several characteristics. Some have clear quantitative indicators, while others only have qualitative indicators.
It is not easy to really draw a line with strict scientific significance between the city and the countryside. First of all, this is because from the city to the countryside is gradual, and some are staggered. There is no obvious sign of the disappearance of cities and the beginning of villages, and the urban-rural boundary drawn in the urban-rural transition zone or the urban-rural transition zone is bound to be arbitrary and subjective. The second reason is that the city itself is the product of a certain historical stage, and the concept of the city is constantly changing under different historical conditions. Countries all over the world are at different stages of historical development, even in different regions of a country, which also brings difficulties to the division of urban and rural areas. The relationship between cities, especially big cities and surrounding areas is increasingly extensive in space and complicated in content, which makes it more difficult to divide the urban-rural boundary.
Article 2 Selected Knowledge Points of Planning Principles in 2020 Urban and Rural Planner Examination
China's urban organizational system: Since the 1950s, China has formulated specific standards for urban (town) relocation, which have been constantly revised with the actual situation. To sum up, the establishment of cities and towns in China is mainly based on two criteria: ① the size of the population, at present, those with a population of more than/kloc-0.00 million are regarded as megacities, 501,000/kloc-0.00 million as megacities, 200,000-500,000 as medium-sized cities, and those below 200,000 as small cities; ② The political and economic status of a town, which is often an important consideration in setting up a town, is the most typical in setting up a capital, a municipality directly under the Central Government and a provincial capital city. In addition, China's standards for the establishment of towns also require a series of indicators in terms of economy, society and so on.
China's municipal system has two basic characteristics:
(1) The municipal system consists of multi-level organizational systems. From the geographical type, it includes three levels: municipalities directly under the central government, cities without districts under the jurisdiction of provinces (or autonomous regions) and cities without districts (or cities under the jurisdiction of autonomous prefectures). From the administrative level, it includes four levels: provincial, sub-provincial, prefectural and county. At present, China has four municipalities directly under the central government (provincial level), 25 sub-provincial cities, more than 280 prefecture-level cities and more than 370 county-level cities.
(2) The city system has the duality of urban management and medical domain management. The city not only has its own jurisdiction directly under the jurisdiction of the city, but also governs the lower administrative districts (counties or towns). Therefore, China's city system is an administrative division organizational model combining urban and regional types, which is generally called wide-area city system.
Article 3 Selected Knowledge Points of Planning Principles in 2020 Urban and Rural Planner Examination
Urban material composition: 1, urban material composition can be divided into two areas.
Public domain: the material environment enjoyed by the public is the category of public investment and development;
Non-public domain: the physical environment occupied by social individuals belongs to the category of non-public investment and development.
In the urban physical environment, the development of the public domain plays a leading role, which provides the possibility for the development of the non-public domain, and also stipulates the binding nature. Therefore, in the process of urban development, the development of public and non-public areas of the physical environment should be coordinated in time and space.
2. The optimization of urban physical environment is manifested in two aspects: good accessibility and external effects.
Accessibility: the convenience of spatial connection is mainly related to the road system and traffic network of the city, which affects the differential rent and spatial distribution of the city. Accessibility is an important factor affecting the spatial distribution of urban material elements. Under the condition of market economy, the economic benefit of land development is better in the location with high accessibility (such as the downtown area), so the land value is higher.