(1) Once China products are found to be dumped, anti-dumping duties ranging from 100% to 300% will often be levied. Before China joined the WTO, there were dozens of anti-dumping investigations every year, and the final ruling rate exceeded 60%, which brought losses of more than $10 billion to China's foreign trade. According to statistics, the average number of anti-dumping cases against China products in 1980s was 6.3 per year, and it reached 30.3 per year in 1990s. Among them, the European Union and Canada, Australia, India, Argentina, South Africa, Mexico and other countries have a considerable number of anti-dumping cases against Chinese products. Mexico imposes anti-dumping duties as high as 1 105% on shoes exported from China. 200 1, 134 global anti-dumping cases were filed, including 22 cases involving China. In the first half of 2002, 17 WTO members initiated 104 anti-dumping investigations, including 16 against China. In addition, when China joined the WTO, three members expressed reservations about some products from China. Within six years after joining the WTO, Mexico will keep the anti-dumping measures against China's textiles (man-made and synthetic fiber yarns and fabrics, involving 403 small tax items under 33 four-digit tax items) from being bound by the relevant provisions of the WTO. Within five years after China's accession to the wto5, Argentina will levy an ad valorem tax of 35% on some textiles and clothing (involving 83 tax items) imported from China, and the tariff exceeding 35% will be reduced year by year. Before 2005, Hungary implemented quota management for coats imported from China (related to the tariff code 19).
(2) Technical Barriers to Trade Technical barriers to trade are the main means to prevent China products from entering Europe, the United States, Japan and other developed countries and regions. According to statistics, from 65438 to 0997 to 2000, the total value of China's export products blocked by technical barriers in developed countries reached 70 billion US dollars, accounting for nearly 25% of China's total export. Mainly aimed at household appliances, textiles, agricultural products and steel products that China has great competitiveness. Although technical barriers do not directly limit the market candidates of products, the equipment and manpower invested to meet the requirements and expensive inspection expenses increase the cost of enterprises, thus weakening their competitiveness in the international market. In addition, due to the lack of testing and evaluation methods, technologies and standard samples, domestic commodity inspection authorities have to import a large number of testing equipment, resulting in a substantial increase in the cost of export products and a decline in competitiveness. At the same time, the developed countries' technical barriers to trade measures are concealed, discriminatory, extensive and mixed, which leads to the difficulty in coordination between China and the trading countries and the constant disputes, which seriously affects the trade relations between China and the trading countries. Due to the strict technical requirements, many products of China cannot enter the international market. For example, due to the deterioration of China's marine environment, shellfish exported to the European Union can not meet the prescribed hygiene standards and have been excluded from the market for a long time; In terms of plants, longan, citrus, apples and bananas can't be exported to the United States except Hebei Yali pear. What is particularly serious is that some products are detained, sealed or destroyed because they do not meet the requirements of health and quarantine, resulting in heavy losses in export profits. Not only that, in the face of higher technical and safety and health quarantine standards, some products that have entered the international market have also been forced to withdraw. Taking textiles as an example, green barriers have made clear environmental protection requirements and regulations for fiber production, cotton planting and processing, product processing and manufacturing, such as fabric pH value, dyeing fastness, special smell and so on. According to incomplete statistics, the coverage of such products in China that do not meet the "green" requirements is about 15%, affecting exports of nearly 8 billion US dollars. The United States restricts the import of electric fans, power tools, screws, canned mushrooms and other products produced in China through technical barriers. Since 1998, the United States and Canada have successively put forward strict technical treatment requirements and certification requirements for all wooden packaging and wooden bedding materials imported from China, which has increased the packaging cost of China's export products by 20%. Since the United States and Canada, the European Union has also put forward quarantine requirements for wooden packaging of Chinese exports, which has at least affected China's export trade to Europe by more than $7 billion. 1 August, 19961day, the European union banned the import of frozen chicken and some aquatic products from China on the grounds that they did not meet its health and quarantine standards, causing hundreds of millions of dollars in losses to China every year. The EU also banned the import of food of animal origin from China on the grounds that China's food contained chloramphenicol, which did not meet its directive on maximum pesticide residues. 199965438+In February, the European Union's standard for soft plastic toys for children under 3 years old directly affected China's annual toy export of 400 million US dollars, and China's toy manufacturing industry suffered huge losses, affecting the employment of1500,000 labor force. At the beginning of 2002, the European Union's product safety regulations stipulated that all lighters whose import price was less than 2 euros must be equipped with safety devices, otherwise they could not be sold in the EU. This regulation combines the requirements of price, patent disclosure and safety technology, and forms a technical trade barrier for lighter manufacturers in China, which makes a large number of enterprises in China in trouble. In addition to several major developed countries, some developing countries such as Brazil, India and South Korea restrict the export of China products through technical barriers to trade. According to incomplete estimates, China's export value has decreased by at least $50 billion due to the reduction of foreign technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures from 65,438 to 0,999. On the other hand, apart from the traditional tariff and non-tariff barriers, China has basically not taken systematic and effective technical measures in import.
(3) China should adopt 1. Enterprises must raise anti-dumping awareness. In the face of foreign anti-dumping charges, Chinese enterprises should actively respond, dare to respond, and make full use of WTO rules and foreign laws and regulations to protect their legitimate rights and interests. If the enterprise responds passively and does not respond, it will definitely lose a national market or even a global market. It is not just a company that suffers, but the whole industry and the whole country. 2. Give full play to the role of chambers of commerce and trade associations. Chambers of commerce and trade associations are non-governmental organizations, which can play a unique role in international trade negotiations, anti-dumping and safeguard measures prosecution. Because according to international practice, anti-dumping investigations initiated by individual enterprises are not accepted, while cases initiated by chambers of commerce or trade associations must be accepted. If the government does this, the procedure will be complicated and it will take a long time, so chambers of commerce and trade associations are the most suitable. In addition, chambers of commerce and trade associations can play an active role in coordinating the interests of producers, exporters and other parties, strengthening industry self-discipline and avoiding low-price competition. 3. Establish an effective early warning mechanism. To comprehensively collect the dynamic information of the international market, it is necessary not only to understand the production, consumption and price changes of products, but also to master the relevant information of international product standardization formulation and legislative procedures, and to give early warning to possible trade disputes so as to make enterprises prepared. The establishment of early warning system is a huge systematic project, which needs the cooperation of foreign trade authorities, customs, overseas embassies and consulates and overseas law firms. 4. Adjust the foreign trade export strategy. First, adjust the structure of export products. On the premise of maintaining the original export products and markets, we will actively expand the export of other products, realize the diversification of export products, change a single variety into multiple varieties, and change from primary products to medium-and high-end products. The second is to adjust the direction of export products. At present, the main markets of China's export products are the United States, the European Union and Japan, which are countries with the strictest anti-dumping and technical barriers, and their standards are far higher than those of other countries. If some enterprises in China fail to meet these standards, they will suffer huge losses. Therefore, in order to avoid risks, some enterprises in China can explore new markets and move to other developed and developing countries. 5. Increase investment in science and technology to improve product quality. The best way to break through the technical barriers set by developed countries is to improve the scientific and technological level of enterprises and the scientific and technological content of products. Therefore, enterprises should truly establish the concept of "science and technology are the primary productive forces", spend money on technological transformation, technological innovation and technology introduction, constantly improve the high-tech content and environmental protection of export products, expand the space of export products in the international market with high technology, and improve their position and competitiveness in the international market. At the same time, strive for the certification of international certification bodies such as iso9000 international quality management system and iso 1400 international environmental management system, and accelerate the pace of integration with international standards. Only when the export products of China enterprises get the international "passport" can they reduce all kinds of troubles, overcome technical barriers and enter the international market unimpeded. 6. Establish and improve complete accounting books. Accounting truly reflects the movement state of funds in the production process of enterprises. The cost and price of raw materials, labor price, depreciation of machinery and equipment, management expenses and other products are recorded in the accounting data in detail, so a complete accounting book can accurately calculate the cost and price of the enterprise. In fact, the data basis for determining whether the price is normal in foreign anti-dumping investigations is accounting data. However, quite a few enterprises in China, especially small private enterprises, pay little attention to the establishment, collection, arrangement and preservation of accounting books. Once an anti-dumping complaint occurs, people are often at a loss, unable to provide enough evidence to prove that their products are not dumped, and there is no original accounting data as evidence. Such a lawsuit will undoubtedly fail. Therefore, it is very important for Chinese enterprises to establish and improve complete accounting books.