Principles of investment control:
(A) the principle of cost-effectiveness
The principle of cost-benefit requires enterprises to strive to achieve the maximum control effect with the minimum control cost, and to maintain an appropriate proportion between the cost of investment control and the resulting economic benefits, that is, the cost of investment control cannot exceed the income obtained from it. Therefore, in the process of controlling investment, enterprises should establish the concept of cost-effectiveness and avoid complicated control. Ignoring the reality of the enterprise and overemphasizing the so-called "strict" control will not only waste the manpower, material resources and financial resources of the enterprise, but also lead to the boredom of employees, which is not conducive to mobilizing the enthusiasm of employees.
(2) Risk control principle
Investment risk refers to the objective possibility of causing investment economic losses under specific conditions and within a specific period. Risks are everywhere, therefore, the profitability and risk prevention ability of enterprises complement each other. Without the ability to avoid and control risks, there can be no profitability. Capital pursues profit, and profit is accompanied by risk; It is an iron law that the higher the profit, the greater the risk. Therefore, enterprises should control investment risks if they want to get the expected return on investment. The basic means of investment risk control include risk avoidance, risk suppression, risk retention, risk collection and risk transfer.
(3) the principle of rationality
The investment control activities of any enterprise should be conducive to improving the efficiency, benefit and security of its investment business. Therefore, when controlling investment activities, we should not only consider the economy of control system design, but also consider the efficiency of implementation. When controlling, we should pay attention to saving costs and emphasize the rigor and perfection of the control system. We should try our best to reduce excessive procedures and formalities, simplify written work and avoid duplication of work, so as to simplify control work, improve efficiency, save costs and increase income.
(4) the principle of applicability
The investment control of enterprises must meet the needs of managers and be beneficial to their management. The nature, industry, scale, organizational form, internal management system and management requirements of enterprises are often different. Therefore, enterprises should set appropriate investment control measures, means and procedures according to their operating characteristics and the actual situation of internal and external environment, so as to play their due control role and meet the needs of management. Instead of mechanically copying and blindly adopting the successful models of other enterprises, we adopt control methods suitable for the investment business characteristics of enterprises on the basis of reference.
(5) the principle of effectiveness
The validity principle of investment control includes two meanings.
1. Various control measures and methods adopted by enterprises for investment activities should have obvious preventive effects in the implementation process.
2 enterprises should regularly check the implementation of the investment control system, deal with violations of laws and regulations in a timely manner, and take corresponding improvement measures.
(6) the principle of foresight
In the initial stage of investment activities, enterprises should predict various possible situations in the future by analyzing the internal and external environment of enterprises and the operating conditions of previous years, strive for initiative, implement active and effective control in advance, and prevent adverse situations that affect the smooth progress of investment activities, instead of considering control problems after problems appear.
(7) Synergy principle
The synergy principle of investment control includes three aspects.
1. Enterprises should maintain a reasonable investment ratio in different holding periods, that is, short-term investment and long-term investment, so as to maintain the liquidity of enterprise funds.
2. Enterprises should maintain a reasonable proportion of investment in different objects, namely equity investment and creditor's rights investment, so as to control the investment risk of enterprises.
3. Enterprises should adapt between investment and borrowing, and should avoid blind investment regardless of their financing ability, leading to financial crisis.
(8) the principle of seeking truth from facts
The information collected by enterprises in the process of investment activities should be true and reliable. In order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of information collection, analysis and decision-making in investment activities, enterprises should try their best to adopt scientific, reasonable and effective methods to avoid subjective assumptions and acting on experience.
(9) Flexible control principle
The flexibility of investment control refers to the degree of variability in the process of controlling investment business, which is the guarantee of flexibility and effectiveness, and can avoid rigidity and control simply for control. Enterprises should adjust and modify the investment control procedures, links and contents according to the specific conditions of each investment.
(10) total amount control principle
The overall control principle of investment control includes two aspects:
1. Control the whole process of investment activities.
That is, strictly control every link such as investment suggestion, feasibility demonstration, investment decision-making, investment and management, investment filing, investment asset disposal, supervision and evaluation;
2. Complete control
That is, every employee involved in investment and business activities should be controlled. The employees of an enterprise are both the subject of control and the subject of control, so that every employee involved in investment activities, including senior managers and senior executives, are controlled accordingly, thus ensuring the orderly investment activities of the enterprise.
(eleven) the principle of control points
The investment control goal of an enterprise needs to be achieved through a number of corresponding control factors. In order to make these control factors play a role, enterprises should carry out targeted control according to the characteristics of some business links that are easy to make mistakes or cheat. And those business links that are easy to make mistakes or cheat and therefore need to be controlled are usually called control points. The control points of investment control are: approval, audit, accounting, warehousing, etc. The goal of investment control is mainly achieved by controlling the corresponding control points.
(12) mutual containment principle
The principle of mutual restriction refers to a complete investment business activity, which must be allocated to two or more mutually restricted positions. That is, in the horizontal relationship, it should be handled by at least two independent departments or personnel, so that the work of this department is inspected and restricted by another department or personnel; In the vertical relationship, at least two or more positions that are not subordinate to each other should be linked, so that the subordinates are supervised by the superiors and the superiors are restricted by the subordinates.
(13) principle of post separation
The establishment of investment control is closely related to the management mode of enterprises. Enterprises set up posts according to their management mode, endow them with responsibilities, rights and benefits, and stipulate corresponding operating rules and handling procedures. Responsibility and power are the key factors of post responsibility system. What kind of post responsibility is, you should give the post the necessary power to complete the task, and there should be no unclear post responsibility and power. The main responsibilities that enterprises need to separate when controlling investment are authorization, execution, recording, storage and inspection. Specific performance in:
(1) Preparation and approval of investment budget;
(2) Analysis, demonstration and evaluation of investment projects;
(3) decision-making and implementation of investment;
(4) Approval and implementation of investment disposal;
(5) Implementation of investment business and relevant accounting records. Through the division of incompatible responsibilities, departments and personnel can check and balance each other, prevent one person from controlling all aspects of a transaction and prevent employees from cheating. In addition, we should also pay attention to let employees understand their respective responsibilities, on the one hand, let employees know how to complete their work, that is, operating procedures and handling procedures; On the other hand, employees should understand the importance of performing their duties in strict accordance with the rules and regulations.
(14) principle of coordination and cooperation
The principle of coordination and cooperation means that in the process of investment control, all departments or personnel must cooperate with each other, all posts and links should be coordinated and synchronized, and the procedures and formalities of various investment businesses need to be closely linked to avoid wrangling and disconnection, reduce contradictions and internal friction, and ensure the continuity and effectiveness of investment control activities. The principle of coordination is
Deepen and supplement the principle of mutual containment. To implement this principle, it is especially required to avoid mechanical practices that only contain mistakes and shortcomings without considering work efficiency, but to contain and coordinate with each other to achieve the established investment objectives on the premise of ensuring quality and improving efficiency.
(15) The principle of program positioning
The principle of scheme positioning is to entrust the designated personnel with investment tasks and responsibilities according to the business nature and personnel requirements of each post, stipulate the operation flow and handling procedures, clarify the disciplinary rules and inspection standards, and combine responsibility, power and benefit. Mutual containment is the foundation, and coordination is sublimation. Therefore, coordination requires high quality of personnel. The investment control system of an enterprise is established by people and should also be exercised by people. If the personnel who exercise the control and supervision functions of enterprises can't meet the basic requirements of implementing control in terms of ideology, morality, psychological quality, skills and behavior, the control procedures and requirements are vague, and even the most basic job responsibilities can't be implemented, then obviously coordination and cooperation can't be implemented.
(16) general structure principle
The principle of overall structure means that the control elements of enterprise investment and the sub-control systems of various departments must be organically combined to form the overall framework of enterprise investment control. According to the requirements of system network principle, each control point should be under the control of enterprise management mode, and complete, connected and interlocked should be established. The establishment of each control point must consider the influence of control environment and control activities on it. The control environment and control activities constitute the atmosphere of the enterprise, which mainly includes employees' honesty and morality, job matching ability, organizational structure, management mode and style, and human resource management policies. No matter which link has problems, it will have a great negative impact on the implementation of investment control. Therefore, it is necessary to establish necessary risk assessment, information communication and supervision mechanisms, adapt to new situations at any time, adjust inappropriate control points in time, and ensure the connectivity of control points under the whole network.
(seventeen) the principle of information feedback
Whether the information feedback is timely or not is directly related to the effectiveness of control. When an enterprise controls its investment, it should determine in advance the tasks and responsibilities of personnel related to control in information transmission, and stipulate the information transmission procedures, collection methods and time requirements. Then, according to the characteristics of information feedback process and each stage, strict control links such as records and reports are set up within the enterprise, so that all control subjects can know the implementation of control measures in time, seize the opportunity to exercise their rights, fulfill their responsibilities, adjust investment activities and effectively realize control objectives.
(eighteen) the principle of clear responsibility.
In order to achieve the established investment goals, enterprises must formulate a set of organizational plans that meet the needs of enterprise management, establish and improve the post responsibility system, and clarify the division of responsibilities. Responsibility and authority must be coordinated, and to fulfill certain responsibilities, we must have corresponding authority. Only performing duties without authority or with too little authority, the initiative and enthusiasm of the duty bearers will be bound, and eventually they will not be able to assume their due responsibilities; On the other hand, only having authority without any responsibility or a very small degree of responsibility will inevitably lead to abuse of power, "blind command" and even bureaucracy.
(XIX) Principle of legality
The principle of legality refers to the control of investment business by enterprises, which must meet the requirements of relevant laws and regulations and cannot contradict them. When controlling investment, enterprises should strictly abide by the relevant investment laws and regulations promulgated by the state, so as to standardize investment behavior and activities, and make the trading procedures, formalities, document records, book reflection and disclosure of financial statements of enterprises conform to the national investment laws and regulations, thereby reducing investment risks and improving the safety of investment activities.
Source: China First Finance and Taxation Network, also known as "Zhidong". com "
(Welcome to collect or pay attention, otherwise you won't find it in the future! Source: He Zhidong, chief expert of China First Finance and Taxation Network. Course Contributor: China First Finance and Taxation Network, also known as "Intelligent Network")