Supplement: The study of historical unequal treaties quoted from Fenghuang. com is an important field in the study of the history of modern Chinese-foreign relations, and it is also an important field in the study of modern China. To some extent, an unequal treaty history is a history of Chinese-foreign relations. Although unequal treaties had a great influence on modern China, so far, there is no monograph to systematically explore what kind of treaties belong to unequal treaties. When discussing the issue of unequal treaties, scholars directly analyze treaties, and everyone naturally has a certain standard in mind, but what is this standard? Is there any scientific basis? Because there is no standard, people can't agree on the concept of inequality, so the numbers obtained in statistics are often quite different, so that how many unequal treaties China has concluded with foreign countries in modern times has never formed a divisor recognized by all parties. Some people think it is 1 182, while others think it is more than 1 100. According to our definition of the unequal treaties in modern China, and through sorting out the documents contained in The Collection of Chinese and Foreign Old Testament Chapters, we get that the number of unequal treaties in modern China is 343. This number is not the final figure, but it is a well-founded statistical result, which can basically reflect the number of unequal treaties in modern China.
There are various forms of unequal treaties, but there is only one content-infringing on China's sovereignty and plundering China's territory and wealth, reflecting China's colonial and semi-colonial international status at that time. According to statistics, from1689 to1949, China * * * signed about 1 182 written diplomatic documents with foreign countries, including formal treaties, peace treaties, boundary agreements and agreements, as well as the so-called: ① "special articles": (2) "contracts", most of which are for solving railway loans, joint railways and other economic affairs, such as 1898 "Guangdong-China Railway Loan Contract" concluded between China and the United States; (3) "Articles of Association", such as 1843 "China-UK Five-Port Trade Charter"; (4) Appendices (annexes): such as the Sino-Japanese Conference Treaty and Appendices on the Three Eastern Provinces signed in 1905; ⑤ Certificate. Such as China and Peru's certificate of abolition of harsh cases; ⑥ "Lease", such as 1898 Sino-Russian Land Lease Treaty and Sino-German Jiaoao Lease Treaty. These different forms of treaties and diplomatic documents are basically unequal.
Through these unequal treaties, the imperialist powers seized various privileges and interests in China. These privileges and benefits include:
1. Garrison right: According to Article 9 of the Treaty of Xin Chou 190 1, imperialist countries enjoy the privilege of stationing troops in China. The article states: "China countries have promised that they should host the event separately, and in conjunction with other countries, they will keep troops stationed in several places, so as to ensure that there is no danger that the capital will be cut off from the sea route. Today's countries are stationed in Huangcun, Langfang, Yangcun, Tianjin, Junliangcheng, Tanggu, Lutai, Tangshan, Luanzhou, Changli, Qinhuangdao and Shanhaiguan. "
2. Inland navigation rights: Ships from imperialist countries can not only freely travel in China's territorial waters, but also freely sail in China's inland waters. For example, the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty of 10 in 1858 stipulates that "British merchant ships can trade at all ports along the Yangtze River". And "brigadier general from Hankou upstream to the sea, choose no more than three, must be the area where British ships trade."
3. Consular jurisdiction: Consular jurisdiction refers to the system in which a country's consul exercises jurisdiction over its citizens living in the territory of the host country in accordance with its own laws. This system is an important means for western powers to infringe on the sovereignty and plunder the interests of weak countries. China is the country that has suffered the most from the consular adjudication system for the longest time. 1843 "China-Britain Five Ports Trade Charter" stipulates that Britain enjoys consular jurisdiction in China. "If there is a negotiation lawsuit, ... how the British people commit crimes shall be sent to the steward by the British agreed articles of association and laws." That is to say, the British committed a crime on the land of China, and China officials could not punish him according to the laws of China, but only handed it over to the British consul to be governed by English laws. Since then, about 20 western countries have obtained this privilege in China. It was not until World War II that western countries were forced to give up this right.
Fourth, the right of free missionary: 1844, China and France signed the Huangpu Treaty, which stipulated that France obtained the right to build churches, hospitals and schools at five trading ports. At the same time, it is stipulated that "if China people violate and destroy the Francie chapel and graveyard, the local officials will severely detain and punish them as usual". In fact, the Qing government was required to protect the legal person's freedom to preach in China. 1846 under the threat of France, the Qing government officially lifted the restrictions on Catholicism and returned the Catholic churches confiscated in the past. Subsequently, other western countries also gained the freedom to preach in China. They set up churches all over China. Many missionaries acted as advisers and spies of imperialism in China.
V. Power of Customs Administration: 1853, Britain, the United States and France used the Shanghai Knife Club Uprising as an excuse to force Shanghai Daotai to conclude the Shanghai Customs Taxation Rules in June of the following year, and in the same year published the Consular Circular of Britain, the United States and France, seizing the power of Shanghai Customs Administration. Since then, imperialism has taken control of Shanghai Customs, and by appointing foreigners as the tax departments of local customs, it has taken control of all the customs in China. Under the control of the imperialists, China's tariff autonomy and tariff revenue and expenditure rights have all been lost. Customs has long been a tool for western powers to invade China, and China's national economy has been severely destroyed.
VI. Right to Establish Concession: 1843, the Sino-British Humen Treaty stipulated that British people could lease land and houses at trading ports and live permanently. This provision later became the basis for western powers to establish "concessions" at various ports in China. 1853, Britain established a concession in Shanghai. Soon, the United States and France also established concessions in Shanghai. 1849, the British and American concessions in Shanghai merged into the public concession, with a maximum hourly area of over 80,000 mu. 1854, the "Ministry Bureau" was established in the concession. At most, there were dozens of foreign concessions in China, which were distributed in Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Hankou, Jiujiang, Changsha, Shashi and Yantai. In the "Concession", imperialism invaded China's sovereignty, formed a country within a country, and gradually developed the Concession into a bridgehead to expand its aggression against China.
VII. One-sided MFN treatment: 1843, the Humen Treaty between China and Britain specifically stipulated that Britain enjoyed one-sided MFN treatment for China. The treaty said: "If the great emperor has a new Enshi and other countries in the future, he should also be absorbed by the British as a sign of tolerance." Later, other powers followed suit and brought endless harm to China.
Extortion of huge reparations: In modern China, imperialism launched wars of aggression against China, forcing China to sign numerous unequal treaties and extorting huge reparations. According to statistics, the total compensation is about1953 million silver dollars, which is equivalent to 190 1 6 times of the fiscal revenue of the Qing government and 82 times of the total national industrial and mining capital.
9. Occupy and encroach on China's territory:1Paragraph 3 of the Sino-British treaty of nanking in 843 stipulates that the Qing government "commodores Hong Kong Island to the Great British monarch and those who later inherited the throne are always in charge, so they can legislate for governance." The signing of "treaty of nanking" and Hong Kong's cession of Britain began to destroy the territorial integrity of China. Since then, other western powers have poured in, and a large area of China has fallen into the hands of imperialism. Only Russia has occupied the territory of China of about1500,000 square kilometers.