Politics: The current constitution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on December 22, 1947. The Constitution stipulates that Italy is a democratic republic based on labor. The president represents the country externally and is elected by a joint meeting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and is accountable to Parliament. Parliament is the highest legislative and supervisory body, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The two houses have equal power and can each pass resolutions, but the resolutions of the two houses are interrelated. Except for a few lifelong senators, senators and representatives of the House of Representatives are elected by universal suffrage and serve five-year terms. The main functions of the Parliament are: to formulate and amend the constitution and laws, elect the president, review and pass motions of confidence or no confidence in the government, supervise the work of the government, discuss and approve the national budget and final accounts, and have the power to impeach the president, prime minister, and ministers. Determine the state of war and grant necessary political decision-making powers to the government, etc. In special circumstances such as presidential elections and swearing-in, the two chambers hold joint sessions.

Judiciary: The Supreme Judicial Council is the highest judicial authority. It has an independent judicial system and the power to appoint judges. It has the power to appoint, assign, transfer, promote and prescribe measures for judges. It is composed of 33 people, with the president as chairman and the president of the Supreme Court and the attorney general as ex-officio members. The other members are composed of 10 members (lawyers and judicial professors) elected by the parliament and 20 judges elected by the bench. They serve a term of 4 years and are not allowed to be re-elected or part-time. The Constitutional Court mainly examines and supervises whether legal provisions are consistent with the Constitution. It is composed of 15 judges with a term of nine years. They are not allowed to hold concurrent posts and enjoy immunity. In addition, there are also local mediation judges, courts of first instance (misdemeanors), tribunals, courts of first instance (responsible for civil and criminal cases), courts of appeal, and the Court of Auditors (in charge of public accounts and pensions), etc.

Military: The president is the supreme commander of the armed forces. The Prime Minister has full responsibility for defense policy and military building. The Supreme Defense Council is the defense decision-making body, chaired by the president. The Ministry of National Defense is the highest military administrative agency responsible for the construction and management of the armed forces. The National Defense Staff is the highest military command organization and has jurisdiction over the army, navy, air force staff and military police headquarters. The Chiefs of Staff Committee is the highest advisory body of the Ministry of National Defense. Its members include the Chief of Defense Staff, the Chiefs of Staff of the three services, the Secretary-General of Defense and the Commander of the Military Police. The Chief of Defense Staff serves as the chairman. The national defense system is a dual-track system headed by the Minister of Defense (civilian), with the Chief of Defense Staff and the Secretary-General of Defense responsible for military and logistics management respectively. Italy is a member of the European Union and NATO. The five headquarters of NATO's Southern European Army are all located in Italy. The United States also maintains many military bases and facilities in Italy. In July 2004, the Italian House of Representatives passed a military reform bill. According to the bill, Italy's compulsory military service system, which has been implemented for more than 100 years, will be abolished from January 1, 2005.