First, the concept of small and micro enterprises What scale enterprises are small and micro enterprises? Small and medium-sized enterprises in China are divided into three types: medium-sized, small-sized and micro-sized. Specific standards are formulated according to employees, operating income, total assets and other indicators, combined with industry characteristics. Different industries have different standards. For example, the standards of industrial enterprises and agriculture-related enterprises that we have more contact with in our daily work are different. Among them, industrial enterprises with operating income below 3 million yuan or total assets below 3 million yuan are micro-enterprises; Agricultural enterprises with an operating income of less than 500,000 yuan are micro-enterprises. Second, the characteristics of small and micro enterprises The development of small and micro enterprises has its own characteristics, which are very different from those of large and medium-sized enterprises, mainly in the following aspects: First, the scale of operation is small, the characteristics of family management are obvious, and most of them are affiliated and supporting enterprises, with weak bargaining power, unstable sales channels and great difficulties in survival. Second, the financial system is not perfect, the management level is low, and the authenticity of data indicators is poor. It is very difficult to obtain loans because of the difficulties in pre-loan investigation, in-loan review and post-loan management. Third, collateral is scarce, it is difficult to obtain guarantee, and it cannot meet the guarantee conditions required by banks. Three. Investigation and review of credit business of small and micro enterprises As a community-based retail bank, our main service target is small and medium-sized enterprise customers. Therefore, in view of the unfavorable factors in the management of small and micro enterprises, it poses a great challenge to our credit investigation and review. We should come up with different investigation and review methods from large and medium-sized enterprises, objectively, truly and accurately reflect the operating conditions and repayment ability of small and micro enterprises, control substantive risks and vigorously support their development. Generally speaking, we should focus on three aspects: "on-the-spot business investigation, actual controller review and viewing relevant materials", which can truly and comprehensively reflect the whole picture of small and micro enterprises. (1) As the saying goes, "What you hear is false, what you see is true". For small and micro enterprises, the account manager must personally go to the business site of the borrowing enterprise to conduct an investigation and closely observe its production and operation conditions, including details such as office space, factory building size, workshop facilities, machinery and equipment operating rate, employees' working conditions, whether the inventory is reasonable, and even whether the workshop has fire protection equipment, so as to judge whether the enterprise is operating normally. It is also necessary to conduct on-the-spot investigation on products, which refers to whether the products produced by enterprises have scientific and technological content, added value, market competitiveness, registered trademarks, or whether the products are matched by large well-known enterprises, so as to judge the life cycle of enterprise products, and then judge the life cycle of enterprises. (II) Examination of the actual controller Generally speaking, the distinctive feature of small and micro enterprises is that they are mostly family-run management models, and the legal representative or actual controller of the enterprise often has the final say. Therefore, the most important thing for such enterprises is to examine and judge the repayment willingness of the actual controller, which is even more important than examining its repayment ability. First of all, the account manager should analyze and judge the actual controller of the enterprise according to the information provided by the enterprise, and master some basic information of the actual controller in advance, such as education background, resume, etc. And have a preliminary judgment on the comprehensive quality, so as to know fairly well; Secondly, we must personally talk to the actual controller and investigate their entrepreneurial experience, working time, business situation and the use of this loan. And judge its business experience, enterprise management experience, degree of control over the enterprise, and whether it has plans for the future development of the enterprise. Finally, through the word-of-mouth of the industry, combined with the inquiry of its credit records, the sustainable operation ability and repayment willingness of the actual controller are comprehensively judged. (III) Audit related materials Most small and micro enterprises have imperfect financial management and generally have no audit reports. Banks should follow the principle of "door-to-door investigation" and "seeing is believing", check relevant information such as accounting vouchers on the spot, and fully understand the customer's business ability, upstream and downstream customers' situation, bad records and other information. At the same time, in addition to understanding the financial statements, it is more important to read the other three forms: water meter, electricity meter and tax return, rather than mechanically auditing the financial statements of customers, especially small production and foreign trade enterprises. First, check the payment voucher of water and electricity fees on the spot, and investigate whether the payment data is continuous and whether it matches the business scale of the enterprise. We can analyze the design capacity, actual capacity, unit water consumption, electricity consumption and other data of the enterprise, and confirm whether the business activities of the enterprise are normal in the past three years through the above contents. 2. General tax paying enterprises need to provide tax returns, and combined with the on-site inspection of the data declared by enterprises with "VAT anti-counterfeiting tax control system" to the tax authorities (enterprises without anti-counterfeiting tax control system can query through the electronic tax return system of national tax and local tax), the account manager can get more real business income data by analyzing the monthly sales of enterprises in the past 12 months. For foreign trade enterprises, customs declaration can also be carried out, and the data information of customs import and export can accurately reflect the purchase and sale of enterprises. Three, require enterprises to provide proof of charge to an account, can be randomly selected by the account manager. Vouchers can confirm the main upstream and downstream customers and settlement methods of the enterprise, whether the enterprise pays taxes on time, whether the enterprise has bad records such as fines, etc. For enterprises that do not have their own business premises, they should also check the lease contract of the business premises, and pay attention to whether the lease term is more than one year and whether the rent is reasonable and affordable, which can reflect the sustainability of their operations from the hardware aspect. (IV) Choice of guarantee method "collateral" also refers to the guarantee method, giving priority to obtaining easy-to-realize collateral and powerful enterprise guarantee for small and micro enterprises; For small and micro enterprises with commercial circulation, the first thing is to accept collateral that is easy to realize, followed by professional guarantee companies, and then by powerful enterprises. If it is a technology-based small and micro enterprise, it can also consider accepting the pledge of patent rights and trademark rights, depending on the liquidity of collateral. In addition, it is necessary to increase the personal unlimited joint liability of the legal representative, shareholders and actual controllers. Through the above differentiated investigation and audit methods, we can verify the credit status and repayment ability of small and micro enterprises from multiple angles, effectively solve the information asymmetry problem between banks and customers, and better provide credit support to small and micro enterprises with good credit and repayment willingness and repayment ability. (Chen Nan, Credit Approval Department)