Loan:
Loan (electronic IOU credit loan [5]) is simply understood as borrowing money with interest.
Loan is a form of credit activity in which banks or other financial institutions lend monetary funds at a certain interest rate and must return them. Loans in a broad sense refer to loans, discounts, overdrafts and other borrowing funds. Banks put concentrated money and monetary funds out through loans, which can meet the needs of social expansion and reproduction and promote economic development. At the same time, banks can also obtain loan interest income and increase their own accumulation.
Principle:
The "three principles" refer to safety, liquidity and efficiency, and are the fundamental principles of commercial banks' loan operation. Article 4 of People's Republic of China (PRC) Commercial Bank Law stipulates: "Commercial banks should operate independently, bear their own risks, be responsible for their own profits and losses, and be self-disciplined, and take safety, liquidity and efficiency as their operating principles."
1. Loan security is the primary problem faced by commercial banks;
2. Liquidity refers to the ability to recover the loan according to the predetermined period or realize it quickly without loss of land, so as to meet the needs of customers to withdraw deposits at any time;
3. Efficiency is the basis of sustainable operation of banks.
For example, if a long-term loan is issued, the interest rate will be higher than that of a short-term loan, and the benefit will be good. However, if the loan term is long, the risk will increase, the security will decrease and the liquidity will weaken. Therefore, the "three natures" should be harmonious, so that there can be no problem with the loan.
Microfinance:
I. Review risks
The emergence of loan risk often begins at the stage of loan review. Based on the disputes in judicial practice, we can see that the risks in the loan review stage mainly appear in the following links.
(1) The loan examiner of the bank was omitted from the review content, resulting in credit risk. Loan review is a meticulous work, which requires investigators to systematically investigate and inspect the qualifications, qualifications, credit and property status of loan subjects.
(2) In practice, some commercial banks do not have due diligence, and loan examiners often only pay attention to the identification of documents, lacking due diligence, so it is difficult to identify fraud in loans and it is easy to cause credit risk.
(3) Many wrong judgments are due to the fact that banks did not listen to experts' opinions on relevant contents, or professionals made professional judgments. In the process of loan review, we should not only find out the facts, but also make professional judgments on relevant facts from legal and financial aspects. In practice, most loan review processes are not very strict and in place.
Second, the legal content of the pre-loan investigation
(1) Review the legal status of the borrower, including its legal establishment and continuous and effective existence. If it is an enterprise, it shall examine whether the borrower is legally established and whether it has the qualifications and qualifications to engage in related businesses, and check the business license and qualification certificate. Pay attention to whether the relevant certificates have passed the annual inspection or related verification.
(2) Regarding the credit standing of the borrower, check whether the registered capital of the borrower is suitable for loans; Examine whether there is a clear situation in registered capital flight; Past loans and repayments; And whether the borrower's product quality, environmental protection, tax payment and other illegal conditions may affect the repayment.
(3) Regarding the borrower's loan situation, whether the borrower has opened basic account and general deposit accounts in accordance with relevant laws and regulations; Whether the foreign investment of the borrower (such as a company) exceeds 50% of its net assets; Whether the borrower's debt ratio meets the requirements of the lender;
(4) Regarding the guarantee, if it is a guarantee, the qualification, reputation and performance ability of the guarantor shall be investigated.
Third, the borrower and its responsible person should also be specially examined. In order to reduce the moral hazard of the lender, the borrower and its responsible person should also be specially examined. When granting loans, financial institutions should not only examine the qualifications, conditions and operating conditions of borrowers, but also strengthen the examination and control of the personal qualities of investors, legal representatives of enterprises and key management personnel, including:
(a) for the chairman, general manager, factory director, manager and other key personnel gambling, drug abuse, whoring, keeping mistresses, frequenting dance halls, saunas, excessively arranging weddings and funerals, buying luxury cars disproportionate to their economic strength, and frequently renting luxury hotels, we must strictly control their corporate loans.
(two) loans to family business groups or companies must be strictly controlled. The so-called family group or company refers to an enterprise in which the main leaders of the group and its subsidiaries or branches and the main leadership positions within the enterprise are all or mainly held by blood relatives and their families and relatives.
(3) If the legal representative holds a foreign passport or permanent residence in a foreign country, and his enterprise or company has branches abroad, he should strictly control the loans of enterprises whose main family members have settled abroad or set up companies abroad, and pay close attention to the financial transactions of his legal representative with enterprises abroad. Especially for the transfer of funds abroad or the use of funds is unknown, it is necessary to strictly review, supervise and stop them in time.