A tool

1. Move tool, you can move layers in photoshop.

2. Rectangular selection tool, which can select a rectangular selection range for an image. Generally, more rules are used for selection.

3. Ellipse selection tool, which can select an ellipse selection range for an image, and generally uses more rules for selection.

4. Single line selection tool, which can select a line of pixels in the horizontal direction of the image, is generally used for more subtle selection.

5. Single column selection tool can select a column of pixels in the vertical direction of the image, which is generally used for more subtle selection.

6. Cutting tools can cut images. After pre-cutting selection, there will generally be 8 node boxes, where users can zoom with the mouse.

Point to the outside of the selection box with the mouse. Can you rotate the selection box? Point to the selection with the mouse.

7. Double-click the box or press Enter to end the cut.

8. Lasso tool, you can hold down the mouse and drag at will to select an irregular selection range. Generally, it can be used for some hasty choices.

Use.

9. Polygon lasso tool, you can use the mouse to fix a point on the image, and then select the range to be selected by multiple lines, without an arc image.

You can hook edges with this tool, but you can't hook arcs. The selected areas are all composed of multiple lines.

10. Magnetic lasso tool. This tool seems to have magnetism. You don't need to press the left mouse button to move the mouse directly, and there will be automatic at the tool head.

Tracking line, this line always goes to the color boundary, the more obvious the boundary is, the stronger the magnetic force is, and the selection can be completed after the end is connected. Generally speaking,

Used for image selection with large chromatic aberration.

1 1. Magic wand tool, click a color in the image with the mouse to select the image color, and the selected color range requires the same color.

For the same degree, you can double-click the magic wand tool and adjust the tolerance at the tolerance in the upper right corner of the screen. The higher the value, the higher the color chosen by the magic wand.

The color difference is large, and vice versa.

12. Spray gun tool, mainly used for color images. The pressure of coloring can be adjusted by the options in the upper right corner, and the size of coloring can be adjusted by the painting on the right.

Select the size of the pen you want at the pen, and the color you want can be selected from the color swatch or color swatch on the right.

13. The brush tool is basically the same as the spray gun tool, but the edge of the pen tip is slightly smaller than that of the spray gun.

14. Rubber stamp tool, mainly used for image restoration, which can also be understood as local copy. Press and hold the Alt key first, and then use the mouse in the image.

Click the left key at the sampling point that needs to be copied or repaired, and then select the appropriate pen tip at the brush on the right to repair the image.

15. The pattern stamp tool is also used to copy images, which is somewhat different from the rubber stamp. She needs a rectangle to select the range first.

Click "Define Pattern" on the edit menu, then select the appropriate pen, and then copy the pattern in the image by line.

16. History brush tool, whose main function is to restore images. The image was recently saved, or the original appearance of the image was opened. If it is opened,

The operated image has not been saved. With this tool, you can restore the original open appearance of this picture. If you continue to operate after saving the image, the saved appearance will be restored with this tool.

17. Eraser tool is mainly used to erase unnecessary pixels. If the background layer is erased, what is the background color?

What color; If the layer above the background layer is erased, the color of this layer will be erased and the color of the next layer will be displayed. You can choose the appropriate nib from the brush on the right according to the size of the erasing nib.

18. The pencil tool is mainly used to simulate the pencil used for drawing at ordinary times. After selecting this tool, hold down the left mouse button in the image and drag it.

That is, you can draw lines, which is different from spray guns and brushes.

It was painted (...)

19. The blur tool is mainly used for local blurring of images, and it can be operated by holding down the mouse and dragging continuously. Generally used to compare colors.

Soft and stiff places should also be used in places where colors and color transitions are stiff.

20. The sharpening tool, in contrast to the blurring tool, is to make the image clear, and its clarity is to make all pixels in the range of action clear, such as

If the effect is too strong, every component color in the image will be displayed, so colorful colors will appear. After applying the blur tool and sharpening tool, the image cannot be restored because the color composition has changed after blurring.

2 1. Smudge tool, you can touch the color, as if the pigment of an image is wet, and the color is misplaced by hand, which is usually used on the face.

You can use this tool to soften the transition color, and sometimes it is also used in the operation of repairing images. You can choose the right nib on the right brush according to the size of the painting.

22. Brightening tools, also known as brightening tools, mainly brighten images and lighten their colors.

Range You can choose the pen size with the brush on the right.

23. The darkening tool, compared with the darkening tool, can also be called the darkening tool, which mainly darkens the image and deepens the color of the image.

You can select the brightening range by the brush on the right.

24. Sponge tool can increase or decrease the color of the image. You can choose to increase or decrease the color from the options in the upper right corner.

It is also possible to deepen or reduce color contrast internationally. The intensity of its color addition and subtraction can be selected from the options in the upper right corner, and its scope of action can be selected from the brush on the right.

25. The pen tool, also known as the edge tool, mainly draws paths through colors. The first thing to note is that the pen must be under the pixel sawtooth, that is, in the image.

Click the fixed point below the normal sawtooth, move the mouse to another landing point, and then click the left mouse button. If you want to hook the arc, you must hold down the left mouse button when landing, and then drag the mouse to hook the arc. Each fixed point will be controlled by a node for later modification. After dragging the arc with the mouse, handles will appear on both sides of the node. You can also hold down the Ctrl key to adjust the radian of each handle. Holding down the Alt key can eliminate the handle behind the node and avoid affecting the back of the hook (...).

26. The magnetic pen tool is somewhat similar to the magnetic lasso tool. The drawn path will be magnetic and will automatically be biased towards color and color.

The magnetic attraction of the boundary can be adjusted at the "frequency" in the upper right corner. The larger the number, the more attractive it is.

27. The free pen tool is similar to the lasso tool. You can hold down the left mouse button in the image and drag it directly, and you can draw an outline under the mouse trajectory.

A path.

28. Add anchor tool, you can add nodes in the marked path to facilitate modification, and use the mouse to add nodes to the path.

Click on the path occasionally.

29. The Reduce Anchor Point tool can reduce a node in the marked path, and click a node on the path with the mouse.

Yes

30. Choose tools directly. This tool can select a node to drag and modify, or drag with the mouse holding down the path.

The 3 1. transformation point tool mainly transforms the nodes of an arc into sharp points, that is, turns the arc into a straight line.

32. Text tools can enter text in images. After selecting this tool, click it in the image and a dialog box will appear to enter text. it

Just enter the text horizontally. After entering the text, you can also double-click the layer to edit the text. You can choose any color in the dialog box.

33. The linear gradient tool mainly fills the image with gradient. Double-click the gradient tool, and the gradient type will appear in the upper right corner. Click on the right.

The triangle drop-down menu on the side lists various gradient types. Hold down the mouse in the gradient direction of the image and drag it to another place to release the mouse. If you want to gradient the image locally, you must first select a selection range and then gradient it.

34. The operation of radial gradient tool is basically the same as that of linear gradient tool.

35. Angle gradient tool, its operation and linear gradient tool are basically the same.

36. Symmetric gradient tool, its operation and linear gradient tool are basically the same.

37. The diamond gradient tool operates basically the same as the linear gradient tool.

38. Paint bucket tools are mainly used to fill colors. Its fill color is similar to the magic wand tool, but it only fills the foreground color.

The color and filling degree are determined by the Tolerance value of the option in the upper right corner. The larger the value, the larger the filling range.

39. The eyedropper tool is mainly used to absorb a certain color in an image and turn it into foreground color. Generally used when using the same color.

It is difficult to achieve the same possibility in color samples, so this tool is more suitable. Click on the color with the mouse to absorb it.

40. Color sampler tool, mainly used to compare the color composition of images. It can only take out four sample points, each sample point.

RGB or CMYK composed of colors is displayed on the option bar in the upper right corner, which is generally more useful for printing.

The 4 1. grab tool is mainly used to flip the image, but only if the image is not completely displayed in the photoshop file window.

Usually used for edge marking operations. When selecting other tools, press and hold the space bar, and the mouse will automatically become a paw tool.

42. Zooming tools are mainly used to enlarge images. When the "+"sign appears, click on the image to enlarge it, or hold down the mouse.

Drag the rectangular box to partially enlarge the image. Hold down the Alt key and the mouse will become "-". Click it to reduce the image. Using shortcut method, CTRL+"+"means zoom in, and CTRL+"-"means zoom out.

43. Normal: The drawing tool completely replaces the pixel color of the original image with the foreground color.

44. Dissolution: Each mixing point randomly selects a background color or a fill color.

45. Positive superposition: The newly added color and the original image color are combined into a third color which is darker than the original two colors.

46. Screen: The newly added color and the original image color are combined into a lighter color than the original.

47. Overlay: Enhance the highlights and shadow areas of the original image, and overlay the foreground color on the original image.

48. Soft light: The original image is processed according to the gray value of the foreground color. The foreground is > 50% transparent and < 50% dark. Therefore, the original image is pure white.

Or pure black, only darker or brighter.

49. Strong light: The original image is processed according to the gray value of the foreground color. & gt50% light color superposition processing, < 50% dark color multiplication processing.

50. Fading: Brighten the color of the original image with foreground color.

5 1. color deepening: darken the original image with foreground color change.

52. Darkening: The pixel color in the original image that is darker than the foreground color becomes the foreground color.

53. Brightening: The pixel color in the original image that is brighter than the foreground color becomes the foreground color.

54. Difference: Compare the brightness values of the foreground color and the original image color, and the difference between them is the application result of this method.

55. Exclusion: Similar to the difference of 12, but the effect will be softer.

56. Back: Painting only the transparent part of the transparent layer is equivalent to drawing on the back of a piece of transparent paper.

57. Tone: Adjust the foreground in the original image without changing its brightness and saturation.

58. Saturation: Use the saturation of the foreground color in the original image without changing its brightness and hue.

59. Color: Only use the saturation of the foreground color for the original image without changing its brightness.

60. Brightness: Only the brightness of the foreground color is used for the original image, without changing its hue and saturation.

Composition principle

(1) Graphic design Graphic design is to combine different basic graphics into patterns on the plane according to certain rules. Mainly in two-dimensional space, the boundary between the map and the ground is divided into contours to describe the image. The sense of space shown by graphic design is not a real three-dimensional space, but an illusion space formed by the visual guidance of graphics to people.

(2) Graphic design terms:

1. Harmony: In a narrow sense, harmonious graphic design is unity and contrast, and the two are not boring or chaotic. Broadly speaking, when judging the relationship between two or more elements or parts, the feelings and consciousness of each part are a whole coordinated relationship. 2. Contrast: also known as contrast, two elements with great qualitative or quantitative contrast are successfully arranged together, which makes people feel distinct and strong, has a sense of unity, makes the subject more distinct and works more active. 3. Symmetry: suppose a vertical line is set in the center of a graph, and the graph is divided into two equal parts, and the graphs of the left and right parts are completely equal. This is a symmetrical figure. 4. Balance: physically speaking, it refers to the weight relationship; In graphic design, it refers to the balance between distribution function and visual judgment according to the shape, size, weight, color and material of the image. 5. Proportion: refers to the quantitative relationship between parts or parts and the whole. Proportion is an important factor that constitutes the size of all units and the arrangement and combination of units in the design. 6. Center of gravity: The center of the picture is the center of vision. The change of the outline of the picture, the convergence and divergence of graphics, and the distribution of color or light and shade can all affect the visual center. 7. Sense of rhythm: sense of rhythm, with a sense of time, refers to the sense of movement generated when the same element is repeated in the composition design. 8. Rhythm: Simple unit combination and repetition tend to be monotonous in plane composition, and regularly changing images or color groups are arranged in a number ratio and equal proportion, thus generating a sense of melody of music and becoming rhythm.

(C), the elements of graphic design

1. Conceptual elements, the so-called conceptual elements, are those things that don't actually exist and can't be seen, but people's consciousness can feel them. For example, when we see a figure with sharp corners, we feel that there are some points on it and edge lines on the outline of the object. Conceptual elements include: point, line and surface. 2. Visual elements: conceptual elements will be meaningless if they are not reflected in the actual design. Conceptual elements are usually embodied by visual elements, which include the size, shape and color of graphics. 3. Relational elements: How to organize and arrange visual elements on the screen depends on relational elements. Including: direction, position, space, center of gravity, etc. 4. Practical elements: meaning, content, purpose and function of design. Here is a detailed introduction to the composition of graphic design.

(1) Images of points, lines and surfaces are external features of objects and are visible. Image includes all parts of visual elements, and all conceptual elements, such as points, lines and surfaces, also have their own images when they are seen in the picture. Basic form in graphic design: in graphic design, it consists of a group of identical or similar images, and each unit becomes a basic form and is the smallest unit. The best composition effect can be obtained by arranging and combining according to certain composition principles. 1. Combination: In composition, due to the basic combination, there is a combination relationship between shapes, mainly including: 2. Separation: there is a certain distance between shapes that are not in contact. 3. Contact: The edges between shapes are just tangent. 4. Overlapping: There is an overlapping relationship between shapes, resulting in a spatial relationship of up and down, front and back, left and right. 5 transparent overlap: the transparency between shapes overlaps each other, but it does not produce the spatial relationship between the top and bottom. 6. Combination: Shape and shape are combined with each other to form a larger new shape. 7. subtraction: the shapes cover each other and the covered areas are cut off. 8. Overlapping: The shapes overlap with each other, and new shapes are generated where they overlap. 9. Coincidence: The shapes overlap each other and become one.

(2) Gradient Gradient is an effect I often hear. In nature, we can experience it for ourselves. On the way, we will feel the gradual change of trees from near to far, from big to small. Gradient type: 1. Shape gradual change: one basic shape gradually changes to another, and the basic shape can be from complete to incomplete, from simple to complex, from abstract to concrete. 2. Directional gradient: The basic shape can undergo directional gradient on the plane. 3. Gradient position: the gradient position of the basic shape needs a skeleton, because the part beyond the skeleton will be cut off when the basic shape changes position. 4. Gradual change in size: the gradual arrangement of basic shapes from big to small will produce a sense of distance, depth and space. 5. Color gradient: In terms of color, hue, lightness and purity can have a gradient effect, which will produce a layered aesthetic feeling. 6. Bone gradual change: refers to the regular change of bones, which changes the basic shape in shape, size and direction. The lines dividing the skeleton can be graded horizontally, vertically, diagonally, polyline and curve. The careful arrangement of gradual bone lattice will produce special visual effects, and sometimes it will produce wrong visual and motion sense.

(3) The general concept of repetition means that the same image has appeared more than twice in the same design. Repetition is a common method in design to enhance the impression, create a regular sense of rhythm and unify the picture. The so-called sameness mainly refers to the sameness in shape, color and size. Basic shape in repetition: the shape used for repetition is called basic shape, and each basic shape is a unit, and then it is designed through repetition. The basic shape is not complicated, but simple.

Graphic design common expression [2] Repetition type: 1. Repetition of basic form: a picture composed of the same basic form in composition design is called repetition of basic form, which can be seen everywhere in daily life. For example, the windows of tall buildings. 2. Repetitive bone lattice: If the shape and area of each unit of the bone lattice are completely equal, this is a repeated bone lattice, which is a regular bone lattice and the simplest one. 3. Shape repetition: Shape is the most commonly used repeating element, and the repeated shape in the whole composition can change in size, color and so on. 4. Size repetition: Similar or identical shapes are repeated in size. 5. Color repetition: You can change the shape and size under the same color. 6. Repetition of texture: Under the same texture, the size and color can be changed. 7. Repetition of directions: Shapes have obvious and consistent directionality in composition.

(4) Approximation refers to the similarity in shape, size, color and texture, showing the effect of vivid change and unity. The degree of approximation can be large or small, and if it is large, there will be a sense of repetition. A small approximation will destroy unity. Approximate classification: 1. Shape similarity: If two images belong to the same race, their shapes are similar, just like human images. 2. Skeleton approximation: Skeleton can be approximate, not repeated, that is to say, the shape and size of skeletal cells have certain changes and are approximate. Note: The difference between approximation and gradient is that the gradient is very regular, the basic shape arrangement is strict, while the approximate change is irregular, and the basic and other visual elements change greatly and are more lively.

(5) The skeleton grid determines the relationship between the basic shapes in composition. Sometimes, the skeleton will also become a part of the image, and different changes in the skeleton will change the overall composition. Bones are divided into: 1. Regular bones: Regular bones have precise and rigorous bone lines, regular numerical relationships, and the basic shapes are arranged according to bones, which has a strong sense of order. There are mainly bones such as repetition, gradual change and emission. 2. Irregular skeleton: Irregular skeleton generally has no strict skeleton line, and the composition is relatively free. 3. Functional skeleton: Functional skeleton divides the basic form into the boundaries of their respective units, giving the image precise space, and the basic form can freely change its position, direction, plus or minus in the skeleton unit, even beyond the skeleton line. 4. Inactive skeleton: Inactive skeleton is conceptual. Inactive skeleton lines contribute to the arrangement and organization of basic shapes, but do not affect their shapes, nor do they divide the space into relatively independent skeleton units. 5. Duplicate skeleton: It means that the spatial units divided by skeleton lines are exactly the same in shape and size. It is the most regular skeleton, and the basic shapes are arranged in sequence according to the skeleton. Graphic design is to combine different basic graphics into patterns on the plane according to certain rules. Mainly in two-dimensional space, the boundary between the map and the ground is divided into contours to describe the image. The sense of space shown by graphic design is not a real three-dimensional space, but an illusion space formed by the visual guidance of graphics.

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Graphic design commonly used expression techniques [3]

[Introduction] (9) Denseness is a common way to organize drawings in design, and the basic shapes can be freely scattered throughout the composition, with sparse and dense. The most sparse or dense place often becomes the visual focus of the whole design. It creates a visual tension in the picture, with a sense of rhythm like a magnetic field. Density is also a contrast, using the number of basic shapes to produce the contrast effect of density, virtual reality and tightness. Dense classification: 1. Dense point: In design, a concept point is placed at a certain point in composition, and the basic form tends to be dense at this point in organizational arrangement. The closer to this point, the more sparse it is. 2. Line density: There is a conceptual line in the composition, and the basic shape is dense along this line. The densest position on the line, the farther off-line, the more sparse the basic shape. 3. Free density: In composition, the organization of the basic form is completely free and irregular, and there is no constraint on the density of points or lines, and the density of the basic form changes subtly. 4. Crowding and alienation: Crowding is too dense, and all basic forms are in a crowded state in the whole composition, occupying all the space, and there is no sparse place. Alienation is opposite to density. In the whole composition, the basic forms are alienated from each other and scattered in all corners, which can be uniform or uneven. It should be noted that in the reinforcement effect processing, in order to have the reinforcement effect, the area of the basic shape should be small and the number should be large. The basic shapes can be the same or similar, but there are some changes in size and direction. In dense composition, it is important that the dense structure of basic modeling must have a tendency of tension and dynamics, and the structure cannot be scattered.

(1 1) Space When we generally say space, we mean two-dimensional space. The sense of space can be expressed in the following ways: 1. Use size to express the sense of space: things of the same size have a sense of size because of different distances, which are large near and small far away. On the plane, we feel close when the area is large, and far when the area is small. 2. Use overlapping expression: when one shape is superimposed on another shape on the plane, there will be a sense of up and down, resulting in a sense of space. 3. Use shadows to express: The distinction between shadows will give objects a three-dimensional sense and a sense of concavity and convexity. 4. Use the expression of spacing density: small images or changes in line density can produce a sense of space. In reality, it is like a curtain with a little pattern. When it is rolled up, the pattern will become dense, and the interval is very small. The denser it is, the farther it feels. 5. Use the direction change of parallel lines to explain that changing the direction of parallel lines will produce a three-dimensional effect. 6. Color changes to show: the use of color changes in temperature, cold color far, warm color near. 7. Expression of texture change: The rough surface makes people feel close, while the detailed surface makes people feel far away. 8. contradiction space's performance: The so-called contradiction space cannot exist in real space, but only in hypothetical space. Graphic design is to combine different basic graphics into patterns on the plane according to certain rules. Mainly in two-dimensional space, the boundary between the map and the ground is divided into contours to describe the image. The sense of space shown by graphic design is not a real three-dimensional space, but an illusion space formed by the visual guidance of graphics.

(12) Maps are related to base maps and basemaps. In nature, blue sky and white clouds, red flowers and green leaves all reflect the relationship between contrast and contrast. In graphic design, the relationship between the diagram and the bottom is inseparable, sometimes upside down. Application of graphics and background in design: 1. The feeling of a picture with high color brightness. 2. The convex image in the concave-convex change has positive significance. 3. In the comparison of area size, the small one has a graphic feeling. 4. The shape enclosed in space is a figure. 5. In static and dynamic, dynamic has a graphic feeling. 6. Between abstraction and concreteness, concreteness has a sense of image. 7. In geometric patterns, the bottom of the picture can be determined according to the contrast relationship. The greater the contrast, the easier it is to distinguish between the picture and the bottom. Bottom inversion: Sometimes the features at the bottom of the picture are very similar and difficult to distinguish. This is the inversion of the bottom of the graph.

(13) Split Split is a composition method of decomposition and combination, that is, a complete thing is divided into several parts and then reassembled according to certain composition principles. This method is helpful to grasp the internal structure and characteristics of things, observe and dissect things from different angles, extract abstract components from a specific form, and combine these abstract components into new forms to produce new aesthetic feeling.

(15) subdivision

In plane composition, dividing the whole into parts is called segmentation. In daily life, this phenomenon can be seen at any time, for example, the ceiling and floor of a house constitute a division. The following are several common segmentation methods:

1. isomorphic segmentation: the shapes are required to be exactly the same, and it will have a good effect to select the segmentation line after segmentation.

2. Free division: Free division is irregular. The method of dividing the picture freely is different from the neat effect produced by mathematical rules, but its random division gives people a lively and unrestrained feeling.

3. Proportion and order: The composition completed in proportion usually has the characteristics of order and clarity, giving people a sense of freshness. Separation gives certain laws, such as golden section, order and so on.

(16) Balance In modeling, the feeling of balance is very important. Because of the visual satisfaction brought by balance, people's eyes can have a sense of balance and stability when observing objects. Balance is mainly divided into:

1. Symmetrical balance: for example, people and butterflies, some shapes that are symmetrical around the central axis.

2. Asymmetric balance: Although there is no central axis, it is not symmetrical, but it has a very correct sense of balance.

(17) Various arrangements of basic tables

The basic form is the most basic unit element in a composition. In the process of clustering unit elements, there may be countless combinations. In order to make the composition change not messy, the basic form is preferably geometrically simple.

The basic table arrangement principle:

1. Arrangement of basic lines and accessories: The arrangement develops horizontally and becomes a current graphic with strong directionality. It can develop horizontally or diagonally.

2. Plane arrangement: The basic shapes are arranged in the secondary direction to form a plane figure.

3. Circular arrangement: the basic linear arrangement is developed into a curve connecting the two ends.

4. Radial arrangement: the basic shapes are arranged outward from the center to form a radial pattern.

5. Symmetrical arrangement: the basic shapes are symmetrically arranged left and right, and the arrangement is regular and neat.

You can also take this PS/ here is the introductory tutorial.

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