So the answer is ABC
The solvency of an enterprise is an important symbol reflecting its financial situation and operating ability. Solvency is the ability of an enterprise to undertake or guarantee debts due, including the ability to repay short-term and medium-and long-term debts.
Generally speaking, the debt repayment pressure of enterprises mainly includes the following two aspects: first, the repayment of general debt principal and interest, such as various long-term loans, bonds payable, long-term payables and various short-term settlement debts; Second, all kinds of rigid taxes payable are mandatory for enterprises. Not all debts directly put pressure on enterprises. The real pressure on corporate debt repayment is those debts that are about to expire, not those that have not yet expired. Whether an enterprise can pay off due debts is based on sufficient assets or capital and must be guaranteed by sufficient cash inflow. Debt paying ability is the most concerned issue for creditors, and it is also paid more and more attention by shareholders and investors in view of the consideration of enterprise safety.
The low solvency of enterprises not only indicates that the capital turnover of enterprises is ineffective, it is difficult to repay the debts due and payable, and even indicates that enterprises are facing the danger of bankruptcy.
1, current ratio = current assets/current liabilities × 100%
This ratio is an index to evaluate the ability of an enterprise to repay its current liabilities with current assets, indicating how much current assets can be used as payment guarantee for each yuan of current liabilities.
Generally speaking, for most enterprises, the current ratio is 2: 1. This is because the inventory with the worst liquidity accounts for about half of the total current assets, and the remaining current assets with greater liquidity should be at least equal to current liabilities, so as to ensure the short-term solvency of enterprises. If the current ratio is too low, enterprises may face difficulties in paying off due debts; The high current ratio indicates that the enterprise holds unprofitable closed current assets, with low asset utilization rate, lax management and waste of funds. At the same time, it shows that enterprises are too conservative and have not made full use of their current borrowing capacity.
2. Quick ratio = (current assets-inventory) ÷ current liabilities × 100%
Because the inventory in current assets is the slowest to realize, or for some reason, some inventory may have been scrapped and not disposed of, or some inventory has been mortgaged to a creditor. In addition, there is a gap between cost and reasonable market price in inventory valuation. Therefore, the quick ratio calculated by subtracting inventory from total current assets is more credible, reflecting short-term solvency.
Generally speaking, the quick ratio of 65,438+0: 65,438+0 is considered reasonable, that is, an enterprise has 65,438+0 yuan's quick assets for every 65,438+0 yuan's current liabilities. If the quick ratio is high, it means that the enterprise has enough ability to repay short-term debts, and it also means that the enterprise has more unprofitable cash and accounts receivable, and the enterprise loses the opportunity of income. If it is on the low side, the enterprise will have to sell the inventory or raise new debt to repay the debts due, which may cause the loss of price reduction caused by the urgent need to sell the inventory or the interest burden caused by raising new debt. But this is only a general view, because the quick ratio of different industries will vary greatly.
3. Asset-liability ratio = total liabilities ÷ total assets × 100%
The asset-liability ratio reflects how much of the total assets are financed by borrowing, and can also measure the extent to which enterprises protect the interests of creditors in the liquidation process. This indicator reflects the ratio of capital provided by creditors to total capital. This indicator is also called leverage ratio. From the standpoint of shareholders, when the total capital profit rate is higher than the loan interest rate, the greater the debt ratio, the better, and vice versa.
4. Property right ratio = total liabilities ÷ total shareholders' equity × 100%
This index reflects the relative relationship between the capital provided by creditors and the capital provided by shareholders, and reflects whether the basic financial structure of the enterprise is stable.
Generally speaking, shareholders' capital is better than borrowed capital, but it cannot be generalized. From the point of view of shareholders, in the period of increasing inflation, enterprises can pass on losses and risks to creditors through more loans; During the economic boom, enterprises can get extra profits by borrowing more. In the period of economic contraction, borrowing less can reduce interest and financial risks. High property right ratio is a financial structure with high risk and high return; Low equity ratio is a financial structure with low risk and low return. This indicator also shows the extent to which the capital invested by creditors is protected by shareholders' rights and interests, or the extent to which the interests of creditors are protected when the enterprise is liquidated.
(B) Analysis of enterprise profitability
Profit is an important guarantee for investors to obtain investment income. There are many indicators reflecting the profitability of enterprises, which are usually analyzed from the profitability of production and operation and the profitability of assets.
1, operating profit rate = operating profit ÷ operating income × 100%
Operating profit margin, as an index to assess the profitability of a company, is often more comprehensive than operating gross profit margin. The reasons are as follows: First, the profitability of both the main business and the affiliated business should be assessed. Second, the operating profit rate not only reflects the relationship between all income and directly related costs and expenses, but also deducts the period expenses from income. Most of the period expenses belong to the fixed expenses that must be incurred to maintain the company's production and operation ability in a certain period of time, and must be fully offset from the current income. Only after deducting operating costs and all period expenses can the remaining part constitute the company's stable and reliable profitability.
2. Profit rate of capital = total profit/total capital × 100%.
This ratio is an index to measure the profitability of enterprise capital. With the increase of capital profit rate, the owner's investment income and national income tax will increase. Use the benchmark capital profit rate as the basic standard to measure the return on capital. The benchmark profit rate should be determined according to relevant conditions, which generally includes two parts: First, it is equivalent to the market loan interest rate in the same period, which is the lowest return on investment. The second is the risk-cost ratio. If the actual capital profit rate is lower than the benchmark profit rate, it is a danger signal, indicating that the profitability is seriously insufficient.
3. Operating indicators = operating cash flow ÷ net profit × 100%
Operating indicators reflect the relationship between the net cash flow generated by operating activities and the net profit, indicating the actual amount of cash received by the company in each yuan of net profit.
I. General VAT taxpayer
General taxpayers refer to enterprises and business units whose annual sales of value-added tax (hereinafter referred to as annual taxable sales, including all taxable sales in a calendar year) exceed the standard of small-scale taxpayers stipulated by the Ministry of Finance. (Excerpted from the number of contributions. People's Republic of China (PRC) State Taxation Bureau forwarded the document Guo Shui Fa [1994] 059. Jing shui fa [1994] No.228)
Second, the characteristics of general VAT taxpayers
General taxpayers recognized by the tax authorities may calculate the tax payable in accordance with the provisions of Article 4 of the People's Republic of China (PRC) VAT Regulations and use special VAT invoices.
For taxpayers who meet the requirements of general taxpayers but have not gone through the procedures for the identification of general taxpayers, the tax payable shall be calculated at the VAT rate according to the sales volume, and the input tax shall not be deducted, nor shall special VAT invoices be used. (Excerpted from the number of contributions. People's Republic of China (PRC) State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China Guo Shui Fa [1994] No.059 was forwarded to the Municipal Taxation Bureau [1994] No.228). VAT taxpayers with annual sales above the prescribed standards are recognized as general taxpayers and are not treated as small-scale taxpayers. (Excerpted from Beijing Taxation Bureau's document [1994] No.44)
specific provision
First, small-scale enterprises and self-employed small-scale taxpayers with annual taxable sales not exceeding the standard have sound accounting and can provide accurate tax payment information. With the approval of the competent tax authorities, the tax payable may be calculated in accordance with the relevant provisions of these regulations instead of being a small-scale taxpayer. (Excerpted from the Provisional Regulations on Value-added Tax) Sound accounting means that the output tax, input tax and tax payable can be accurately calculated according to the requirements of the accounting system and tax authorities. (Excerpted from the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Provisional Regulations on Value-added Tax) Small-scale enterprises with annual taxable sales not exceeding the standard, sound accounting and accurate calculation and provision of output tax and input tax may apply for the identification procedures of general taxpayers. (Excerpted from the number of contributions. People's Republic of China (PRC) State Taxation Bureau Guo Shui Fa [1994] 059 document forwarded the "Decision on Strengthening Tax Collection and Management in State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China, People's Republic of China (PRC)" (No.228, Municipal Taxation Bureau). Small-scale enterprises (enterprises and business units that do not exceed the standard) that have sound accounting books, can accurately calculate and provide output tax and input tax, and can submit relevant tax information according to regulations. (Excerpted from the document Guo Shui Fa [1994]16 of State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China City, People's Republic of China (PRC), and the document Guo Shui Fa [1994]32 1 of the Municipal Taxation Bureau), individual operators who meet the conditions stipulated in Article 14 of the Regulations are approved by the branch directly under State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China City, People's Republic of China (PRC). (Excerpted from the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Provisional Regulations on Value-added Tax)
According to the "Regulations", small enterprises with annual sales below the prescribed standards can also be recognized as general taxpayers as long as their accounting is sound, provided that the industrial and commercial departments handle industrial and commercial registration; Having gone through the tax registration in the tax department; Open a settlement account in a bank; Separate accounting books and full-time accountants can provide output tax and input tax information of taxable goods and services as needed. Self-employed individuals should also basically meet the above conditions when applying for the recognition of general taxpayers. (Excerpted from Beijing Taxation Bureau's document [1994] No.44)
To apply for the identification of general taxpayers, the following documents and materials shall be provided to the tax authorities.
1, application report. Taxpayers applying for the identification of ordinary taxpayers must issue a written application report to the tax authorities. The application report should focus on the specific reasons for applying for the identification of the general taxpayer and the ability to fulfill the obligations of the general taxpayer.
2. Business license approved by the administrative department for industry and commerce.
Articles of association, contracts and agreements related to the establishment and business activities of taxpayers.
4. Proof of bank account number.
5. Certificate of registered capital. (commercial enterprises)
6, the legal representative, tax personnel identification (resident identity card, passport or other legal documents). (commercial enterprises)
7, housing property certificate, housing lease contract and other documents. (commercial enterprises)
8. Other relevant materials and certificates required by the tax authorities.