First, the financial system of small and medium-sized enterprises is not perfect and the information is asymmetric, so it is difficult to control the credit risk.
At present, due to objective and human factors, a considerable number of small and medium-sized enterprises have not established a complete financial system, accounting is not perfect, and they lack sufficient financial statements recognized by the financial audit department and good and sustained operating performance. It is difficult for banks to understand the financial situation, operating performance and development prospects of these enterprises, so they dare not provide credit support easily.
Second, small and medium-sized enterprises lack sufficient mortgage assets and are difficult to guarantee.
Under the constraint of commercial operation and asset-liability management system, in order to reduce the loan risk, banks generally require loan enterprises to provide joint guarantee or property mortgage, especially small and medium-sized enterprises to apply for loans. Especially high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises, have their own particularity. For example, high-tech enterprises in general, especially software enterprises, have low net assets and high human resources, so they often have few mortgage assets when lending. For new small and medium-sized enterprises, although the failure rate is high, successful entrepreneurship can bring higher entrepreneurial income. Bank credit financing bears the financing risk and cannot share the high income brought by the success of enterprises, which leads to the asymmetry of bank risks and income and reduces the motivation of bank loans.
External environmental constraints.
First, the monopoly of state-owned commercial banks in the current financial system is too high, which is not conducive to the development of credit activities of small and medium-sized enterprises.
In order to rectify the financial order and prevent and resolve financial risks, the state has closed a number of non-bank financial institutions and small grassroots financial institutions, such as closing rural cooperative foundations and incorporating credit cooperatives into cooperative banks. This makes some original financing channels of small and medium-sized enterprises no longer exist, and at the same time makes the state-owned commercial banks monopolize the financial system too high. At present, the number and ability of banks supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises can not meet the financing requirements of small and medium-sized enterprises, and the state has not established financial institutions specifically for small and medium-sized enterprises, resulting in insufficient loans for small and medium-sized enterprises.
Second, the government's policy support for financing channels for SMEs is not enough.
It is difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises to raise funds from the securities market. The securities market has set a high threshold for companies entering the market, and small enterprises cannot enter. In addition, the IMF and other financing companies in China are still in the primary stage, and other financing channels have not created effective opportunities for SMEs' financing. However, the government has not adopted preferential support policies in invigorating SMEs and strengthening financial intermediaries, and has not established institutions to provide guarantees and insurance for SME loans, which objectively limits the financing channels and financing capabilities of SMEs.
Third, the business philosophy of bank financial institutions leads to financing difficulties for SMEs.
In the process of serving the reform of state-owned enterprises, under the influence of "focusing on the big and neglecting the small", bank financial institutions consciously and unconsciously moved towards "supporting the big and neglecting the small", and a large amount of credit funds of bank financial institutions flowed to large state-owned enterprises under the media and catalysis of the government. Because the commercial operation mechanism of banks has not been finally established, the service objects and service methods of banking financial institutions have not got rid of the influence of traditional business models, and they have not paid enough attention to the market, and their development and research are weak, ignoring the huge market that can provide services for small and medium-sized enterprises to realize their own interests.
Fourth, the credit guarantee system is not perfect, and mortgage guarantee is difficult to implement.
In order to prevent and control financial risks, various financial institutions have basically stopped credit loans and generally implemented the asset-backed loan system. Due to the simple relationship between small and medium-sized enterprises, there is generally no superior department or relevant unit to solve the guarantee problem for them.
In addition, small and medium-sized enterprises generally have the characteristics of small scale of operation, few fixed assets, insufficient collateral such as land and houses, great changes in current assets in the process of production and operation, and difficulty in quantifying intangible assets, which is contrary to the preference of financial institutions for fixed assets and other collateral, and hinders small and medium-sized enterprises from financing from financial institutions.
Solution suggestion:
First, improve small and medium-sized quality of enterprise and strengthen the construction of credit system.
Improving the internal financing ability of enterprises can create more powerful financing conditions for external financing. Enterprises should not only strengthen their own development and system construction, but also strengthen the fund management mechanism, especially the credit mechanism. Good credit is a necessary condition to win financing, which will not only get low-threshold loan concessions from financial institutions, but also create the same benefits between guarantee institutions and financial institutions by using credit re-guarantee institutions.
The second is to speed up the innovation of financial products and develop financial tools suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises.
Developing loan financial instruments such as warehouse receipt pledge loan and accounts receivable pledge loan, and formulating preferential loan policies can innovate in credit rating and capital pricing mechanism according to the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises.
The third is to increase financial and tax support for small and medium-sized enterprises.
Increase financial support, gradually expand the scale of special funds in the central budget to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and focus on supporting technological innovation, structural adjustment, energy conservation and emission reduction, opening up markets, expanding employment and improving public services for small and medium-sized enterprises. At the same time, local finance should also implement and improve preferential tax policies. Further reduce the social burden of SMEs. In addition, small and medium-sized enterprise development funds and venture capital funds can be set up through financial allocation to provide loans, interest subsidies and guarantees for new product development, technical training and management consulting of small and medium-sized enterprises, so as to give play to the leverage amplification effect of financial funds.
The fourth is to speed up the technological progress and structural adjustment of small and medium-sized enterprises.
First, support small and medium-sized enterprises to improve their technological innovation capability and product quality. Support small and medium-sized enterprises to increase investment in research and development, develop advanced and applicable technologies, processes and equipment, develop marketable new products and improve product quality. Strengthen Industry-University-Research alliance and resource integration, strengthen intellectual property protection, focus on promoting brand building in light industry, textile, electronics and other industries, and guide and support small and medium-sized enterprises to create their own brands. Second, support small and medium-sized enterprises to speed up technological transformation. In accordance with the requirements of the adjustment and revitalization plan of key industries, support small and medium-sized enterprises to adopt new technologies, new processes, new equipment and new materials for technological transformation. Third, promote energy conservation, emission reduction and cleaner production of small and medium-sized enterprises. Promote the popularization and application of key technologies of energy conservation and emission reduction and high-efficiency energy-saving and environmental protection products and equipment in small and medium-sized enterprises. In accordance with the requirements of developing circular economy, encourage the recycling of resources among small and medium-sized enterprises. Encourage professional service institutions to provide energy management, energy-saving equipment leasing and other services for small and medium-sized enterprises. Fourth, improve the level of enterprise cooperation. Encourage small and medium-sized enterprises to carry out various forms of economic and technological cooperation with large enterprises, and establish stable cooperative relations such as supply, production and sales. Encourage large enterprises to strengthen cooperation and support with small and medium-sized enterprises through professional division of labor, service outsourcing and order production. , actively provide technology, talents, equipment and financial support to small and medium-sized enterprises, and pay the payment for goods and services in time.