Accounts receivable, bills receivable and other receivables are financial assets owned by enterprises. An enterprise shall, on the balance sheet date, check the book value of financial assets other than those measured at fair value and whose changes are included in the current profits and losses. If there is objective evidence that the financial asset is impaired, provision for impairment shall be made. Specifically, trading financial assets are not depreciated; Held-to-maturity investments, loans and receivables, and assets with available-for-sale amount shall be depreciated.

The objective evidence indicating the impairment of a financial asset refers to the events that actually happened after the initial recognition of the financial asset and have an impact on the estimated future cash flow of the financial asset, and the enterprise can reliably measure the impact. Objective evidence of impairment of financial assets includes the following items:

(1) The issuer or debtor has serious financial difficulties;

(2) The debtor violates the terms of the contract, such as default or overdue payment of interest or principal;

(3) Creditors make concessions to debtors in financial difficulties for economic or legal reasons;

(4) The debtor may close down or carry out other financial restructuring;

(5) Due to the issuer's major financial difficulties, the financial asset cannot continue to be traded in the active market;

(6) It is impossible to identify whether the cash flow of an asset in a group of financial assets has decreased, but after the overall evaluation based on the published data, it is found that the expected future cash flow of this group of financial assets has indeed decreased and can be measured. For example, the debtor's ability to pay for this group of financial assets has gradually deteriorated, or the unemployment rate in the country or region where the debtor is located has increased, the price of collateral in the region has dropped significantly, and the industry in which it is located is depressed;

(7) Significant adverse changes have taken place in the technical, market, economic or legal environment in which the debtor operates, resulting in the possibility that investors in equity instruments cannot recover their investment costs;

(8) The fair value of the investment in equity instruments falls significantly or temporarily.

(9) Other objective evidence indicating the impairment of financial assets.

2. Accounting for impairment of receivables

When an enterprise conducts impairment tests on receivables, it shall, according to the actual situation of the unit, divide them into receivables with significant single amount and receivables with insignificant single amount, conduct impairment tests respectively, calculate and determine impairment losses, and make provision for bad debts.

(1) Accounts receivable with significant single amount shall be tested separately for impairment. If there is objective evidence that it has been impaired, the impairment loss shall be recognized according to the difference between the present value of its future cash flow and its book value, and the bad debt reserve shall be accrued.

At the end of 2008, Company A received a payment of 654.38+million yuan from Company B, and it is estimated that 9 million yuan will be recovered by the end of 2065.438+065.438+0, and the rest cannot be recovered. Assuming a discount rate of 8%, the provision for bad debts is as follows:

The estimated present value of future cash flow is 900 ÷ (1+8%) 3 = 714.45 (ten thousand yuan), and the book balance of accounts receivable is1ten thousand yuan, so bad debt reserve should be set aside for 2,855,500 yuan (1000-765433). Accounting treatment is as follows:

Debit: Asset impairment loss of 285.55

Loan: bad debt reserve 285.55

(2) For the accounts receivable with insignificant single amount and the accounts receivable with significant single amount that have not been impaired after the single test, the impairment test should be combined to analyze and judge whether the impairment has occurred. Usually, these receivables can be divided into several combinations according to similar credit risk characteristics, and then the impairment loss can be calculated and determined according to a certain proportion of the balance of these receivables on the balance sheet date, and the bad debt reserve can be accrued. For example, bad debt provision is accrued according to the percentage method of accounts receivable balance and aging analysis method.

Example 10 illustrates the application of the balance percentage method.

Enterprise A makes provision for bad debts for accounts receivable according to the balance percentage method, and the provision ratio is 10%. At the end of 2007, the balance of accounts receivable was 2.5 million yuan. Suppose there is no provision for bad debts before. The provision for bad debts at the end of 2007 is as follows:

Debit: Asset impairment loss 25

Loan: bad debt reserve (250× 10%) 25

Among the accounts receivable from June 5438 to February 8, 2008, RMB 300,000 owed by customer A could not be recovered, and it was confirmed as bad debt. Accounting treatment is as follows:

Debit: bad debt reserve 30

Loan: accounts receivable -a 30

At the end of 2008, before the provision for bad debts, the debit balance of the "provision for bad debts" was 50,000 yuan (25-30). The balance of accounts receivable at the end of 2008 was RMB 3 million, so the accounting treatment of bad debt provision is as follows:

Debit: Asset impairment loss 35

Loan: bad debt reserve (300× 10%+5) 35

On May 10, 2009, 654.38 million yuan of bad debts written off in previous years were recovered, and the accounting treatment was as follows:

Debit: accounts receivable 10

Loan: bad debt provision 10

Debit: bank deposit 10

Credit: accounts receivable 10

Or:

Debit: bank deposit 10

Loan: bad debt provision 10

At the end of 2009, the credit balance of "bad debt provision" before provision for bad debts was 400,000 yuan (30+ 10). At the end of 2009, the balance of accounts receivable was 4.5 million yuan, so the accounting treatment of bad debt provision is as follows:

Debit: Asset impairment loss 5

Loan: bad debt reserve (450× 10%-40) 5