Poland's mineral resources are mainly coal (hard coal reserves15 billion tons, total reserves117 billion tons), in addition to aluminum, zinc, copper, lead and sulfur. Poland's sulfur production is the sixth in the world, and its export is the fifth (sulfur reserves are 654.38 billion tons).

Poland is one of the countries with relatively developed industries in Eastern Europe. Important industrial sectors include coal mining, shipbuilding, machine building, steelmaking, ironmaking, copper smelting, sulfur and so on. 1970 output of industrial products: 1 1792400 tons of steel,104 million tons of hard coal, 64.5 billion kwh of electricity, 5 18500 tons of ocean-going ships and 72000 tons of electrolytic copper. 1969, Poland produced17.9 million tons of wheat, barley, rye and oats, but in 1970, the output was reduced to15.4 million tons, and food could not be self-sufficient. From 1959, 2 million tons of grain are imported every year, and from 1970, 3 million tons are imported every year.

Animal husbandry in Poland is developed. 1969, the total number of cattle reached 1 1 10,000, pigs140,000, sheep 3 million and horses 2.6 million. During the period of 1970, due to the sharp reduction of grain production, livestock decreased greatly, meat food was scarce, and the market supply was tight. 1, the formation and characteristics of the economic management system

In the early days of liberation, the formation of Polish economic management system can be roughly divided into three stages. The first stage is 1944- 1945, which is characterized by nationalizing industrial and mining enterprises, transportation and other major economic sectors. Overcome organizational confusion and rectify the economy to make it a unified economic mechanism; The second stage is 1946- 1948. Its main features are: laying the foundation of the socialist economic management system based on the planning principle and seeking an economic model that conforms to China's reality; The third stage is 1949, which is characterized by the transition to centralized and mandatory economic management system.

2. Organizational structure

The Economic Committee of the Council of Ministers, the Central Planning Bureau, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, and the central administrative organs have become institutions leading the country's economic work.

3. Form of ownership

In the early days of liberation, Poland implemented an economic system in which three economic components coexisted: national ownership, cooperative ownership and private ownership. Reform background

Since Poland implemented the six-year plan for national economy (1950- 1955), the proportion of national economic development began to be unbalanced. Because the goal of the six-year plan is set too high, none of the goals except industry have been achieved. For example, the actual salary will only increase by 4- 13% (the plan is 40%). The highly centralized political and economic system and the bureaucratization of the leadership style of state organs have seriously dampened the enthusiasm of the broad masses of the people.

From the international situation, the 20th Congress of the Soviet Union exposed the consequences of Stalin's personal superstition in February 1956, which caused great social shock. 1955 65438+1October 2 1 The Polish United Workers Party held the third plenary session of the second Central Committee, at which the Central Committee members demanded to know the truth about the persecution of Vargo Mulka. At the fifth plenary session of the second Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party, the Central Committee demanded that the leaders of the Polish * * * Production Party and Poland * * * which were wrongly dissolved by * * Production International be rehabilitated. At that time, the domestic demand for democratization was very high. 1June, 956, the workers in Poznan Chai Gorski Locomotive and Rolling Stock Factory were dissatisfied with the practice of increasing the labor quota and canceling the progressive planned wage system, and demanded an increase in wages. After being rejected, they took to the streets on June 2 1 that year and clashed with the police, resulting in bloodshed.

195610 June19, the Polish United Workers' Party held the Eighth Plenary Session of the Third Central Committee to reorganize the leading bodies of the CPC Central Committee. Wa Gomurka was elected as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The resolution of the plenary session pointed out: "It is incorrect to mechanically copy the styles and methods of other countries. According to the interests of the Polish working class and the Polish people, the party will seek roads and solutions formed under the specific conditions of our country and the special conditions arising from our history. " . The plenary session put forward a series of new principles and policies, such as promoting socialist democracy, giving full play to the role of the parliament, the highest organ of state power, establishing workers' self-government institutions, reforming the national economic planning and management system, and correcting rash mistakes in the process of agricultural cooperative movement.

The main principles of reform

1, set up a workers' autonomous organization-workers' committee.

2. Expand the legislative power and supervision power of Parliament.

3. Strengthen the socialist legal system and open up political life.

4. Strengthen Party leadership and promote inner-party democracy.

5. Expand the autonomy of local governments and enterprises.

6. The background of adjusting agricultural policies and advocating socialist transformation and reform of agriculture through various organizational forms of collective production.

At the end of 1958, due to domestic and foreign factors, Poland's reform began to be in a state of stagnation and retrogression. Its performance is as follows: First, the workers' committee has been reorganized, and a "workers' self-government association" has been established in the enterprise, and representatives of trade unions and party organizations have been added to its composition. In fact, the workers' committee was placed under the direct supervision of the Party committee, and lost the functions and powers of the autonomous institutions; Secondly, 1962, the Economic Committee responsible for economic system reform was abolished; Third, the authority of the Planning Committee of the Council of Ministers has been strengthened, and the autonomy of enterprises has been greatly restricted.

The main principles of reform

1, further reducing the mandatory indicators in the central plan;

2. Expand the autonomy of the joint venture company;

3, the state investment funds for economic units (joint companies, enterprises) to bank loans, central investment projects loans;

4, the enterprise's fixed assets to implement the interest payment system, according to 5% of the net value of fixed assets, allowing enterprises to sell excess fixed assets;

5. Strengthen material incentives, and the amount of factory funds will depend on the enterprise's achievement of profit targets;

6. Relax the state monopoly on foreign trade, allow a few qualified factories to engage in foreign trade activities, and extract 1-5% of foreign exchange from export profits as export funds and factory funds of factories. Reform background

The domestic political and economic situation The first two Polish reforms were carried out during the reign of Gor Mulka. The third reform was carried out during the administration of E. Girek. Although there were clear policies in the reform in the 1960s, there were no specific regulations and measures on the role of central planning, the scope of enterprise autonomy and the material stimulus system. At the same time, the mistakes of economic policy only focus on production and ignore consumption. With the increase of national income, the speed of meeting social needs is declining, especially the policy of limiting wage growth and freezing wages has greatly affected the production enthusiasm of employees, resulting in a gradual decline in the operating effect of enterprises. In the second half of the 1960s, the speed of economic development and people's living standards kept declining, which aroused the dissatisfaction of the broad masses of the people. 1970 12. The government's decision to substantially increase the prices of 46 commodities became the direct trigger for workers to take to the streets to demonstrate and strike, which led to the "December Incident" in which Vargo Mulka stepped down.

In order to stabilize the situation and calm people's dissatisfaction, Ai Ji Leke, the newly elected first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, was forced to cancel the price increase decision and promised that "the party will give priority to improving people's living standards in the new economic policy". He put forward the strategy of "rapid development" and pursued the policy of "high speed, high accumulation and high consumption". In order to realize this strategy smoothly, on the one hand, it is necessary to carry out corresponding reforms in the economic system, on the other hand, it is necessary to borrow a lot from foreign countries and to develop Poland's national economy by introducing foreign capital.

Specific reform measures

1 972 65438+1October1,Poland completely abolished the compulsory sale system of agricultural and sideline products and implemented the contract purchase system. On July 1 day of the same year, the government decided to implement a free medical system for all individual farmers and their families.

From 1973 65438+ 10/0/,a comprehensive new economic and financial system, also known as "big economic organization system", began to be tried out in subordinate economic units such as chemical industry and light industry. The main contents of the reform are as follows: in the units that try out the new economic and financial system, the mandatory planning indicators issued by the central government are limited to the following three aspects: 1, the sales value of export commodities; 2. Domestic market supply; 3. Maximum investment. Large economic organizations such as joint companies enjoy full autonomy in investment, wages, employment and pricing. The basic principle of the new economic and financial system is to take the "added value" similar to the net output value as the basis for determining the enterprise wage fund; Taking profit as the basis of calculating enterprise development fund and leading cadre incentive fund.

Due to the mistakes of economic strategy and policy, the proportion of national economic development is seriously out of balance, foreign debt has increased sharply, foreign trade has exceeded, fiscal deficit has increased, and agricultural harvest has been poor for years since 1974, resulting in the shortage of commodities, especially food, in the domestic market and the deterioration of the economic situation. 1in June, 1976, the government announced that it would raise the retail price of basic food, but it was strongly opposed by the people. Some workers went on strike and the government was forced to cancel the price increase decision.

Under this circumstance, the Polish United Workers' Party decided to comprehensively adjust its economic policy at the end of 1976 to alleviate the serious economic difficulties. While slowing down the development speed and shrinking the investment strategy, we will focus on strengthening weak links such as energy and raw material production, agriculture, domestic market goods and export goods production. In order to meet the needs of economic adjustment, the government decided to modify the new economic and financial system in March 1977, which strengthened the centralized management of Poland's economic management system again. The revision involves the following three aspects: 1, strengthening the role of various competent departments; 2. Set the upper limit of wage growth to keep the balance between wage growth and market supply; 3. Restrict the decision-making power of economic units on investment and restrict the foreign exchange funds of export enterprises. For various reasons, Poland's economic adjustment failed to work. Reform background

1 980 July1day, the Polish government announced that it would increase the price of meat and meat products in "special (special) butcher shops" by 40-60%. This decision aroused the strong dissatisfaction of the working class and the broad masses of the people, and a nationwide strike movement broke out, which was several strikes after the liberation of Poland (Poznan Incident 1956, March Incident 1968, February Incident 1970, June Incident 1976). At that time, the voice of the whole country demanding reform was soaring, and the Polish party and government leaders also realized the necessity and urgency of comprehensively reforming the political and economic system, and regarded reform as the only way out of the crisis. The Ninth Special Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party (198 1 July) formally put forward the negotiation route of socialist reform.

1In the autumn of 980, Poland set up an economic reform committee to draft economic reform policies. The ninth Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party conducted in-depth discussions on the draft reform, which was later approved by the Parliament. 1982 65438+ 10 1 The fourth reform in Poland's postwar history began.

The main principles of reform

The main principles of political system reform are to restore the legislative power and supervision power of parliament, strengthen party building and improve party leadership, implement the principle of separating party and government, improve the cadre system, strengthen the socialist legal system and improve the socialist democratic system.

Basic principles of reform

The fundamental principle of economic system reform is to abandon the mandatory unified distribution system and implement the system of combining central planning with the use of market mechanism; Enterprises implement the principle of self-management, self-management and self-financing.