After the Meiji government overthrew the Tokugawa era, vassal states still existed everywhere, which threatened centralization and was not conducive to the development of capitalism. In +087 1 year, the Meiji government announced the abolition of vassal states and the establishment of prefectures and counties, which were managed by officials appointed by the central government. This completely ended the feudal separatist regime in Japan and truly formed a unified centralized government. On the one hand, it is conducive to the smooth implementation of various measures of the Meiji government. On the other hand, it is also conducive to the formation of a unified domestic market. It should be noted that in the process of abolishing the vassal, the Meiji government adopted a preferential policy for the name of the vassal, which reduced the resistance to reform.

(2) Abolish the feudal hierarchy, cancel the privilege of samurai, and declare "the equality of the four peoples"

Shortly after the Meiji government was founded, it began to abolish the feudal hierarchy, and replaced it with four identities: royal family, Han family, gentry and commoner, and declared "equality of the four people" and abolished the privilege of samurai. Such a social system adapted to the development of capitalist economy began to be established. In this process, we need to pay attention to two issues: first, civilians can choose their jobs and migrate freely, which provides a large number of free labor for the development of capitalism; Second, the Meiji government gradually recovered the salaries and rice of China people and gentry in the form of public debt. China's upper class and gentry used huge public debt to invest in emerging industries and become capitalists. Its essence is to use state power to complete the primitive accumulation of capital.

It is suggested that when teaching this project, students should first be guided to think about "what are the obstacles of feudal shogunate system and feudal hierarchy to the development of Japanese capitalism?" Summarize the necessity of political reform on the basis of students' answers, and then discuss the influence of reform, especially on the development of capitalism, according to the specific reform content. Pay attention to compare the status changes of Japanese samurai and civilians before and after the reform.

The second goal is to "develop a new economy"

The fundamental purpose of Meiji Restoration is to enrich Qiang Bing, and the key to enrich Qiang Bing lies in developing capitalist industry and commerce and establishing a new capitalist economy. At the same time, in order to solve the financial difficulties faced by the government, the Meiji government began to carry out economic reforms, initially focusing on land reform.

(1) land reform

Here, it is suggested to ask, "Why did the Meiji government first carry out land reform?" There are two reasons: first, the land ownership of feudal lords hindered the development of capitalist economy; Second, in the case of underdeveloped capitalist industry and commerce, it is necessary to increase the government's fiscal revenue.

Reform process: ① the monetary system reform in1871year, with the Japanese yen as the only currency in China; (2)1872 Abolish the land ownership of feudal lords, confirm the private ownership of land, and allow the sale of land; (3)1873 promulgated the land tax reform law, which levied land tax on all landowners at 3% of the land price as the standard.

Regarding the impact of the reform, it is suggested to ask, "What is the impact of the land system reform?" "What is the role of levying land tax and replacing physical objects with money?" According to the students' answers, it can be concluded that the confirmation and protection of land ownership has improved the enthusiasm of land owners to operate agriculture and promoted the development of agriculture. At the same time, the local tax reform promoted the development of rural commodity economy, increased the government's fiscal revenue, and provided a guarantee for the national industrialization policy.

(2) the policy of "developing industry through reproduction"

It is suggested that teachers should first guide students to read the quotations from Window of Learning and understand the policy background of "developing industries through reproduction". The policy of "developing industry through reproduction" was put forward by Kuboji after his visit to Europe and America in 1874. Its main spirit is to make full use of the power of the government to develop the economy and promote the development of capitalism. The main contents of this policy are as follows:

First, use government power to introduce technology and equipment, and set up "model" enterprises for private enterprises to follow. At the same time, the state should establish modern transportation to lay the foundation for industrial development. It is suggested that slides of the first modern locomotive and modern textile mill in Japan be shown to deepen understanding.

Second, make full use of government power to support and protect the development of private capitalism. Specific measures: ① The government will transfer most state-owned enterprises other than railway and military enterprises to private capitalists free of charge or at preferential prices. The government gives financial support to private capitalists through grants and preferential loans. Stimulated by government demonstration enterprises and supported by the government, there has been an upsurge of setting up industries in Japan. Many capitalist enterprises have been established in almost all fields of production. By the early 1990s, Japan had initially realized capitalist industrialization. However, in this process, it should be noted that those big capitalists who are closely related to the government, such as Mitsui and Mitsubishi Group, laid the foundation for their later development as "chaebol". With the expansion of scale and the increase of wealth, these big capitalists controlled most modern industries in Japan, which constituted the development of Japanese capitalism.

Third, the government has vigorously expanded overseas markets and actively explored the domestic market.

After the Meiji government initially realized that Qiang Bing is a rich country, as a rising eastern power, Japan began to follow the example of European and American powers and embarked on the road of external expansion, which will be described in detail in the next class. For the domestic market, the Meiji government took measures such as canceling local checkpoints, prohibiting merchants from arbitrarily taxing and increasing donations. By the end of 19, Japanese products quickly occupied the domestic market and began to export overseas.

It is suggested that this process be compared with that of the British industrial revolution, so as to deepen the understanding of the process and characteristics of Japan's development of capitalist industry.

The third goal is to "advocate' civilization'"

When the Meiji government carried out the policy of "developing industry through reproduction", it paid special attention to introducing advanced technology and equipment from the west to improve Japan's productivity. However, it is not enough to introduce advanced technology and equipment, but also to learn and master these technologies. Therefore, the Meiji government strongly advocated learning from western capitalist civilization, which is the so-called "civilization".

It is suggested that the video materials of Japanese government envoys' visit should be projected at 187 1 to deepen the understanding of Japanese people's eagerness to understand western civilization.

The policy content of "civilization" mainly includes the following three aspects:

(1) Send overseas students to translate western works, so that more Japanese can understand western civilization.

(2) In order to improve the quality of Japanese people, we have carried out educational reform and established a modern educational system. 195438+087 1 year, the Meiji government established the Ministry of Education to manage the national education in a unified way, and gradually established a three-level education system of primary school, middle school and university. Primary school is compulsory and all school-age children must go to school. The teaching content adds a lot of knowledge of natural science. For the evaluation of educational reform, we can use the window of learning and thinking. On the basis of students' discussion, it is summarized as follows: on the one hand, it provides a large number of talents with advanced western scientific and technological knowledge for Japan's social and economic development; On the other hand, students are instilled with loyalty to the monarch, which is strongly feudal.

(3) In terms of living customs, the Meiji government also vigorously promoted westernization, such as adopting the western calendar, wearing a suit, drinking milk, eating western food and living in a foreign house. However, with the arrival of the climax of learning from the west, there has also been a bad tendency of chasing the fur of western civilization and worshipping foreign things. Some people even advocate canceling Japanese and using "civilized" English. On this issue, guide students to read the materials about "Ming Lu Guan"

The fourth item is "building a new army"

Qiang Bing is a rich country and the ultimate goal of Meiji Restoration, so the government must strengthen the national military defense. In order to strengthen this force, we must abolish the old military system and establish a new one. 1873, the Meiji government issued a draft order, implemented compulsory military service, abolished the privilege of samurai monopolizing the army, and established a standing army after Europe and the United States. In order to ensure the strength of this standing army, the Meiji government, on the one hand, vigorously improved military equipment and introduced it. On the other hand, it is necessary to establish military academies and cultivate military talents.

The newly formed Japanese army is different from Britain, the United States and other countries in the following aspects: ① Under the command of the military department, it is only responsible to the emperor, and it is called the "imperial army" and is not interfered by the cabinet. 1878 issued the first article of the Military Order, requiring soldiers to worship the emperor as a "god". (2) all soldiers receive bushido education. Bushido is the morality of feudal warriors.