With the development of the practice and theory of lender of last resort in various countries, the lender of last resort system adapts to the changes of the overall situation in the world and presents the following development trends:

1. The lender of last resort system tends to be diversified. In recent years, with the development of financial markets and financial instruments, the ways of lender of last resort system assistance are increasingly diversified, including reserve, refinancing, discount window and central bank bills, guarantees, commitments and other forms. These are the new ways after the central bank established its monetary policy function, and they are also important manifestations of the coordinated existence of monetary policy function and lender of last resort function.

2. The non-uniqueness of the implementer of lender of last resort system. The lender of last resort in the traditional sense can only be the central bank. However, in practice, the central bank only performs the function of lender of last resort. According to the investigation of goodhart and others, from 1980s to early 1990s, of the 104 banking crisis cases in 24 industrial countries surveyed, only two were rescued by the central bank alone, and the problem banks in other cases were rescued by funds jointly provided by the central bank, commercial banks, deposit insurance plans and the government. Some new forms of lender of last resort include: (1) setting up special institutions or special funds led by the central bank to provide financial assistance; (2) under the guidance of the central bank, organize large banks to raise rescue funds; (3) The central bank will provide guarantees to help troubled banks tide over the difficulties.

3. The implementation standard of lender of last resort system is strict. Because the lender of last resort system will inevitably lead to moral crisis and adverse selection problems, at present, all countries have strictly restricted the implementation of the lender of last resort, strictly standardized the loan standards of the lender of last resort, and at the same time, in practice, some banks are no longer given assistance to the lender of last resort. For example, Japanese banks stipulate that only when the following four conditions are met at the same time can they provide funds to a problem bank: first, there is a great possibility of a systematic crisis; Second, there is no other alternative, and the assistance of the central bank is indispensable to successfully solve the problem; Third, all responsible parties should take responsibility and avoid moral crisis; Fourth, the financial stability of the central bank will not be damaged. For example, the famous Bahrain bank crisis did not get the help of the Bank of England. EddieGeorge, former governor of the Bank of England, said that the bank decided not to rescue 1995 Bahrain Bank, because the problems of Bahrain Bank were obviously caused by poor internal management, which was unique to Bahrain Bank, so it would not bring a systemic crisis to the financial system. In this case, supporting Bahrain Bank will lead to a serious moral crisis. Strict standards help other banks to strengthen their own management and self-discipline, and also help to improve the efficiency of lenders of last resort.

4. Generalization of lender of last resort system. Nowadays, the mixed operation of financial industry has become a progressive trend, and the dividing line between banks, securities and insurance is becoming more and more blurred. Banking can engage in securities business and insurance. In particular, the emergence of financial holding company, a large financial enterprise organization, has become the organizational carrier and the preferred path of financial reform for the world financial industry to break through the traditional restrictions of separate operation and implement mixed operation. Judging from the goal orientation of the lender of last resort system, it is necessary for the lender of last resort to rescue the troubled securities and insurance industry, because not only banks but also the securities and insurance industry may have a systematic crisis under mixed operation.