Foundations come in many forms. For example, you see most pile foundations and box foundations, which are suitable for high-rise residential buildings, while strip foundations are generally enough for low-rise villas and multi-storey apartments. Of course, what form of foundation should be decided according to the local geological conditions. The basement or underground parking garage of high-rise residential buildings is generally built with box-shaped deep foundation. After the building is completed, we can't see the foundation and other reinforced concrete members, but these concealed works have corresponding quality supervision reports and completion acceptance reports when they are completed. Through these reports, we can verify the main quality of the house and its safety performance. On the contrary, if the developer or intermediary cannot provide us with this information, then we have reason to doubt the reliability of the house. Second, the wall
The visual inspection method for evaluating the construction quality of external walls can be divided into several situations. If the exterior wall is decorated with tiles, it is mainly to observe whether there is a phenomenon of falling off and unevenness, whether the joints of tiles are horizontal and vertical, and whether the colors and textures of tiles are coordinated. If the exterior wall is cement mortar, then apply waterproof coating on the wall, and observe whether the cement mortar falls off or has cracks; At present, fair-faced brick walls are widely used in low-rise villas. This kind of wall has classical and solemn meanings. Pay attention to whether the joints of fair-faced brick walls are full and whether the bricks are dense. When observing the external wall, it is also very important to remind everyone that if the cracks in the external wall are found to be penetrating, then the house must have some problems in design or construction, and the house quality appraisal department should be asked to re-appraise.
External wall seepage is a common quality problem in multi-storey residential buildings, which generally has the following situations: external gable seepage is generally at the top of the floor, that is, the overlapping part of ring beam and precast hollow slab; The seepage of window frame of external wall is mainly caused by loose connection between window frame and wall and poor waterproof performance; The water seepage in the wall hole is mainly caused by the scaffold hole left in the construction not being sealed; The balcony oozes water, and the balcony cantilever beam slab appears inverted flooding. Therefore, when looking at the house, you should choose to go in rainy days, and pay attention to the joints of the external walls and whether there are obvious watermarks and mildew spots on the walls. On the issue of waterproofing, we suggest that decorative bricks or mosaics should not be chosen as decorative exterior walls as far as possible, because the horizontal gaps of the facing are easy to accumulate water, resulting in water seepage on the wall. For the inner wall, in addition to observing whether there are cracks, we should also observe the convexity and concavity of the wall, and there should be no large-scale hollowing and cracking. In addition, whether the horizontal and vertical wall lines are a straight line is also an important symbol to determine the quality of the wall. For the interior walls of kitchens and bathrooms, we usually choose beautiful decorative tiles to decorate them. The trick to check the quality of ceramic tile pasting is to tap the ceramic tile with a key. The denser the tiles are, the smaller the sound is. If the tiles are not closely pasted, the sound will be louder and more empty. You can judge the quality of these tiles by drawing a row or a column on the pasted tiles with the keys. Third, the floor
The floor includes two meanings: one is the ground at the bottom and the other is the floor of the floor. For the floor slab, we must first determine whether the floor slab is precast slab or cast-in-place slab. The floors of low-rise and multi-storey houses are mainly prefabricated members. We should observe whether the floor is flat and cracked. There are two reasons for cracks: first, the ring beam of the house is uneven, and the seat slurry is uneven when the board is laid; Second, the quality of precast slab is not enough and the bypass is too large.
The floors of middle and high-rise buildings are mainly cast-in-place slabs, which have good integrity and waterproofing. We mainly observe whether there are exposed tendons or honeycomb pits, and the strength grade of concrete is invisible to the naked eye. We can look at the quality inspection report. If the quality of concrete is too poor, you can dig out the convex places by hand, such as the corners of columns, which is a good place for inspection.
It is particularly emphasized here that the floors of the kitchen and bathroom must be cast-in-place integral slabs, and prefabricated slabs cannot be used. This is according to their special waterproof requirements. For the floors of kitchens and bathrooms, we can carry out a closed water test: fill the water to a depth of 20 to 30 mm and keep it for 24 hours. If there is no water seepage on the floor, it is qualified. We also need to check whether the slope of this floor is inclined to the floor drain, and whether there is any phenomenon of falling slope and water accumulation on the ground. Fourth, the roof
In our country's civil houses, the forms of roofs are mostly flat roofs and sloping roofs. The main functions of the roof are waterproof, heat preservation and heat insulation. For residents who choose the top floor, the roof is a very important quality index. First of all, you should personally go to the roof to check whether the drainage slope, drainage outlet and gutter organization of the roof are reasonable, and the downpipe should be installed firmly, with smooth interface and no leakage. Roof panels are nothing more than integral cast-in-place slabs and precast slabs, and the waterproof performance of cast-in-place slabs is far better than precast slabs. Flexible waterproof measures, namely linoleum or waterproof coating; There are also rigid waterproof measures, such as pouring waterproof layer with fine stone reinforced concrete. Both waterproof measures have their advantages and disadvantages. Even if the roof adopts flexible waterproof and rigid waterproof at the same time, the reliability of 100% cannot be guaranteed. Roof leakage mostly occurs in the parts with structural changes, such as the joints between roof panels and walls, expansion joints and settlement joints. Roof waterproofing has always been a big problem for designers, construction units and users. Nowadays, many new roofing waterproof materials emerge one after another, but the author thinks that the quality of roofing waterproof mainly depends on the construction quality. In addition to waterproofing, we should also pay attention to the heat insulation of the roof. Generally, an overhead ventilation layer should be set on the roof, which is beneficial to air flow and heat dissipation. V stairs
Stairs in residential buildings are mostly cast-in-place reinforced concrete structures, which are complex parts of the building structure and are also symbols of the level of design and construction units. First of all, we should observe whether the height of the steps is consistent, how smooth the steps are, whether they feel uneven or slippery, whether they are too narrow to step on, whether each step is too high, whether the height of the stair entrance is too low, and whether the stair handrails are firm.
Elevator is the main vertical means of transportation for middle and high-rise residential buildings. Ordinary apartments are provided with 1 10,000 square meters/passenger elevator (2 sets), and high-grade apartments are provided with 1 passenger elevator every 7500 square meters. The ratio of passenger elevators to freight elevators is 3: 65,438+0 or 4: 65,438+0, that is, three passenger elevators or four passenger elevators correspond. The comfort and speed of taking the elevator is a standard. The elevator should be able to start running, select floors and stop floors accurately. The noise and vibration of the traction machine should not exceed the specified value. Brakes, speed limiters, alarms and other safety equipment should be sensitive and reliable. In addition, there are emergency lights and distress buttons. High-end elevators should also have closed-circuit monitors. At this time, stairs are the main escape route in an emergency. The width of the stairs should not be too small. Stairs should be clearly marked and equipped with fire doors, as well as fire extinguishers, fire hydrants, water guns and other fire-fighting facilities. Six, doors and windows
Doors and windows are two enclosure components in a house. The general requirements for checking doors and windows are: correct and firm installation, no warping deformation, convenient and flexible opening, tight closing, reasonable function, easy maintenance, complete assembly and accurate position.
Commonly used door and window materials are wood, steel, aluminum alloy, plastic, glass and so on. Wooden doors and windows are simple to make and suitable for manual processing, which is a form that has been widely used traditionally. Steel doors and windows have high strength, small cross section, less light blocking and fire prevention. The steel door and window profiles used have been continuously improved to form a series of products of various specifications. Ordinary steel doors and windows are easy to rust, heavy and have high thermal conductivity. At present, the newly developed aluminum-plated open-web steel doors and windows, plastic-coated steel doors and windows, color-coated steel doors and windows and hollow plastic-steel windows have greatly improved the corrosion resistance and energy-saving performance of steel doors and windows, and have been popularized and used in civil houses.
Aluminum alloy doors and windows are light, straight and exquisite, with good sealing performance, and have been widely used in demanding houses. However, aluminum alloy has high thermal conductivity, poor thermal insulation and high cost. At present, plastic aluminum windows made of materials with good thermal insulation performance, such as plastic as isolation layer, can greatly improve the thermal performance of aluminum alloy doors and windows. Plastic doors and windows have good thermal performance, precise processing and corrosion resistance, and are promising doors and windows. At present, the cost of plastic doors and windows produced in China is high, and the strength, rigidity and aging resistance need to be improved. However, with the development of the plastic industry, the service life of high-strength and aging-resistant plastic doors and windows has reached more than 30 years, and plastic doors and windows will be used more and more.
It should also be emphasized that plywood should not be used for the entrance door, the door lock should be installed firmly, and the external window on the ground floor, the corridor window on the floor and the entrance door Liangzi should be installed with iron fences; Windows and doors glass should be smooth, full of putty, and firmly pasted. Seven, water supply and drainage facilities
In general, the water supply pipe for each household in a residence is15 mm. First of all, we must find out how the water supply mode of the house is, whether there is a high-level water tank on the roof and whether there is a pump to lift water. If we choose the right floor, especially the top floor residents, we must personally check whether the outlet pressure of the farthest faucet in this house can meet the starting water pressure of the domestic water heater. We can't make do with this. Perhaps you think that you can install domestic pressurized pipeline pumps to solve the problem of insufficient water pressure, but the quality of all pressurized pipeline pumps on the market recently can not be well guaranteed. Frequent start and stop during use, short service life, easy to put in the pipeline. In the process of decoration, the water supply pipeline is generally made into a concealed pipe, so the pipeline must be straight when installing, minimize the interfaces, and choose the nearest route for the pipeline. Before sealing the pipeline, it is necessary to conduct a drainage test and check whether all the interfaces are leaking.
Generally, the indoor drainage riser should be set by the corner, and the clear distance from the wall should not be greater than 50 mm The sewage pipes in the bathroom and kitchen should be separated, and the pipe length should not exceed 8 meters. Ceramic pipes and plastic pipes should not be used. Floor drain, sewage pipe interface, inspection port shall not leak, and pipe drainage must be unblocked. For the residents who choose the bottom floor, it depends on whether the drainage pipes and systems have been specially treated and whether the drainage system at the bottom floor is independent. If the sewer pipe at the bottom does not accept the drainage from the upper floor and forms a system, then the first floor will not be blocked because of the abnormal use of the residents above. If the pipe at the bottom is connected to the upper floor, then we need to see if its diameter becomes larger on the first floor. After looking indoors, don't forget to look outdoors, the slope of aproll, whether the sewer is unobstructed, whether the septic tank is too close to your home and so on. Eight, electrical
With the improvement of people's living standards, there are many kinds of household appliances, which put forward higher requirements for the power and installation of residential electrical circuits. First of all, the electrical load of incoming lines of each household should meet the requirements of design specifications, the installation of electrical lines should be smooth, firm and straight, and conduits should be set when passing through walls. In the process of decoration, all lines should be buried with insulated pipes. Many sockets and switches should have reliable grounding wires. Whether telephone lines and public closed-circuit television antennas are opened as scheduled. Advanced residences equipped with air conditioners, washing machines, refrigerators, electronic water heaters, electronic gas stoves and electronic monitoring and alarm systems shall check whether the distributor equipment is operating normally and whether all kinds of pipelines are safe and reliable.