A highly centralized planned economy is taking shape, which is an inevitable requirement for developing socialist productive forces during the first five-year plan period. This system has played a positive role in the historical conditions of social and economic development in China. Just as in the extremely difficult economic situation, the high concentration of manpower, material resources and financial resources has played an important role in healing the wounds of war, overcoming hyperinflation, getting rid of poverty, promoting rapid economic development and social stability.

With the development of social economy, economic ties are getting bigger and wider, economic activities are becoming more and more frequent, economic structure is becoming more and more complex, social needs are constantly changing, technological progress is accelerating, and the division of labor and specialized society is further developed. The disadvantages of this highly centralized planned economic system are increasingly exposed. Its performance is:

First, for enterprises, the state-owned enterprise system has become an accessory of state organs because of the separation of government and enterprises and too many deaths;

Second, relying on the management of enterprises, excluding the role of commodity production, value and market rules and administrative means;

The third distribution of "big pot rice" is serious egalitarianism; The fourth way of ownership and simplifying the economy, blindly pursuing "one big and two big" and so on. This kind of economic system makes enterprises lack autonomy, severely suppresses the initiative and creativity of employees, makes the vitality of the socialist economy lose its vitality to a great extent, and hinders the development of productive forces.

Therefore, this traditional economic system must be fundamentally reformed and there is no way out. Reform is the only way out without reform.

(B), the establishment of a socialist market economic system, the inevitable result of reform and exploration.

The main problem to be discussed is what kind of economic system should be established from the original planned economic system. Through the exploration of our Party 14 years, under the leadership of our people, Deng Xiaoping Theory can gradually realize socialism and engage in a market economy. The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China established the target model of establishing the socialist market economic system.

Traditionally, the market economy is a unique capitalism, and the socialist planned economy is the basic feature of the economy. Under the guidance of this theory, the original socialist economy has two remarkable characteristics: first, a highly centralized planned economy has been established in the economic system; The second is the way of economic adjustment, and exclusion refers to economic market adjustment. In the 1980s, with the deepening of reform and opening up, we gradually got rid of the new theoretical understanding formed by traditional concepts:

Contemporary China is moving towards a market economy and establishing a market system. This is a great change and a fundamental change in the social and economic system structure of China. Because this process took place in a big country with a population of/kloc-0.2 billion and a thousand years of oriental cultural traditions, their profound changes, universality and particularity are particularly prominent, including the system of social reconstruction, including not only the basic structure, but also the restored social and human personality characteristics, and also involving a series of major issues such as reinterpreting traditional culture, which poses a severe challenge to our theoretical circles and practice. We are required to give a theoretical explanation and answer to this process. In practice, we should not only explain what the institutional structure of market economy is, how to explain its basic components and their interrelationships, but also analyze how to form a systematic market economic structure, grasp various social subjects, how to effectively solve the difficulties and obstacles in the transition period, and how to interact and play games to reduce pain and loss. On the basis of existing research and practice, this paper tries to give some general answers to some of these questions, mainly involving the interactive relationship between market, government and morality.

1, Market and Government: Complementary Interaction

In the market economy, the market is not only the institutional structure of two different fields of government activities, but also two basic trading methods and institutional arrangements, which involve both theoretical research and important issues in practice, and people often face problems.

The market is a place for private activities and economic life. As an individual, the economic relationship between market and trade is the transmission between individual rights and activities. In the market, no matter people, no matter cooperation, and what kind of transactions and cooperation, it is a transaction between individuals and private affairs, personal freedom and the right of any individual or organization to intervene. Therefore, what is implemented here is the principle of freedom and the principle of right, or the spontaneous order of the principle of imposition (Hayek, 199 1). This is the first or highest principle of economic life and economy.

In social and economic life, freedom and its rights are so important, because the personal purpose itself, unless voluntary, cannot be used as a means to achieve other purposes, but personal guarantee of personal freedom as a condition to achieve the purpose is not only an important purpose, but also a huge lever for economic development, social progress and human innovation. Therefore, the liberal spirit has become the essence of modern economics. In economics, liberalism is not only an epistemology and methodology, but also an order and morality. Freedom is a concept involving personal value and personal social existence, that is, the so-called economic freedom, that is, freedom and coercion to others within the premise and scope of not infringing on the outside world to minimize interference, but freedom is not lawless, laissez-faire and arbitrary. It is always associated with the responsibilities related to general laws and restrictive rules. It represents human knowledge and is the basis of people's trade and cooperation. Liberalism is a process of openness and development. It does not recognize any representative of absolute authority, and its power is not imposed from the outside, but is internal and self-generated. Therefore, the free order is not a person's order and design, but a spontaneous order. This spontaneous market order is the order of representatives and role models.

Corresponding to the private market stage, the government is a political organization in the field of public activities. Monopolistic government agencies are the only monopolists of state power. Within a country, there is only one government, and the government is an act of implementing its activities and public power. What happened here is not a personal choice, but a public choice. The principle of freedom has not been realized, but a mandatory principle. Whether you agree or not, as long as it is stipulated by law, you must abide by it, otherwise it will be enforced. The government organizes the order, and establishes the results according to specific activities, centralized guidance and consistent behavior. Although the emergence and existence of government and the formation and evolution of legal system have an evolutionary history in the whole society, they are all the results of individual interaction and game. Therefore, the government and its activities cannot be the purpose of human behavior, but only a means, the purpose of human beings.

Although the market and the government are two different fields with different implementation principles, they are both human social activities, and there is a close relationship between them. Although the government's activities are a process of public choice, the choice behavior of the government and its officials follows the principle of maximizing market interests; On the one hand, government activities consume certain resources and products, which constitute an important part of market demand and social demand and consumption; On the one hand, the provision of public goods by the government is the rule to regulate the system and market activities. Although these systems provide and guarantee the rules directly implemented by the government, they are actually the result of the operation, evolution and conditions of the market, so the market should have its significance.

Everything can't be perfect and omnipotent. The same is true for the government and the market. Modern economics has repeatedly pointed out that the reality of economic life has repeatedly proved that the market is flawed and the government will fail. This refers to the field in which the other party participates, and they show limitations. In the public sector, market transactions will produce externalities, and their costs and benefits will not be completely internalized. In this sense, the government should solve the externalities. On the contrary, the actions and choices of private sector, market and government are not only inefficient and ineffective, but also distort and distort the market. This shows that the relationship between the market and the government is mutual, complementary and external checks and balances.

In reality, social structure, private sector and public sector, government transactions and market transactions are all necessary. However, the combination of the two actually advocates various situations. A colorful pedigree first comes from a centralized planned economy and an omnipotent state and government. In the weakest sense, at least the housekeeper-style state and government (Nozick, 1974) is still forged. Within the strict order and policy of government activities, government transactions and market transactions (including enterprise transactions) complement each other; When the government directly participates in resource allocation activities, the relationship between them is mutual. Due to the different ways and degrees of government policies and participation in resource allocation and order, the specific forms and degrees of mutual complementarity are also different. For the formation of a series of mutual supplements, from the weakest recognition of their own trade associations to the strongest government monopoly, these forms include: stricter industrial and commercial registration, public bidding for government franchise rights, government administrative franchise rights, and government competitive operators. These different forms are combined with different institutional arrangements. What kind of institutional structure will be formed in the social reality of each country depends on the nature of products under historical, social and cultural conditions, both historical evolution and the pursuit of individual interaction. In the real economy

Management and development are the main activities of various economic, trade and enterprise market transactions in the market field, and the main stage is the main way of their activities. In the market, the rights and obligations, benefits and costs, incentives and constraints of each subject are clearly corresponding. Therefore, the market has obvious comparative advantages over the government. It not only provides appropriate incentives, but also deals with local information, taking advantage of personal habits and the tendency of practical knowledge to be scattered. Therefore, the efficient operation of the market is the basic condition for the stable operation and sustainable development of the social economy.

The effective operation of the market depends on whether the two parties to the transaction have the internal structure of the market and arrange the corresponding market transactions, whether the transactions of enterprises are coordinated and whether they are suitable for the external environment and market conditions. This mainly refers to the activities and behaviors of the government to provide adequate protection and necessary services for the effective operation of the market. The state plays a key role in economic growth and government, which is also the root of human economic recession. The reason is that the government promotes activities and behaviors or damages the function and role of the market, and increases or decreases market transaction costs and government affairs. When the interaction between government and economic internal participants represents a coherent coordination mechanism, rather than being connected to the top of an economic system, which is responsible for analyzing the coordination failure between external and neutral institutions, government activities and behaviors will promote and improve the coordination function of the market. This is the internal relationship between complementary market and government. This is a study on the role of the government in the economic development of East Asia, and puts forward the latest conclusions of marketing scholars (Aoki Masahiko et al., 1996). In developing countries, the market system is not the key because of the low level of the market. Generally speaking, the activities and behaviors of the government to promote or restrict the market coordination function have become an important factor in the performance of economic development.

China is not only a developing country, but also a country in transition to a market economy. Facing the dual tasks of system transition and economic development. As the result of spontaneous social order of market order, the establishment and development of market system is not the result of establishing and planning products for people, nor the result of centralized guidance by the government, but the result of pursuing self-interest and personal interactive game. However, the reality is often the opposite. The traditional planned economy is a typical human order, and everything follows the same goals and plans. Before making the plan, the government did not give freedom to pursue its own interests, nor did it leave people the freedom to engage in space activities. Therefore, the formation and development of market order cannot be spontaneous. In fact, the planning system and planning, as well as the formation of consolidating order, are all based on market order and restraining digestion. In addition, the long-term plan of economic practice not only forms the maintenance plan of many vested interests, but also forms a mindset of community design and order construction in many people's habits and tendencies, that is, the so-called constructivism rationalism tradition. Since the reform and opening up, this period of time has influenced and even dominated the process of transition to the market system. Therefore, in the process of transition to market economy, we are always faced with a dilemma. On the one hand, the government is the object of reform, on the other hand, the government is one of the driving forces of reform; On the one hand, limit and narrow the scope of government activities, on the other hand, give play to the role of the government; On the one hand, we must vigorously advocate effectiveness and superiority, on the other hand, we have to admit the state's intervention in the rational and spontaneous market order in economic life; Manually create a noble, external autonomous social country, on the other hand, it can't accept the reality and society of a nationalized country. People need a strong national society to ensure a smooth transition. On the other hand, they need many aspects of the country's existing electricity to complete the transformation of the country (Liang Zhiping, 1996) is limited. Because of this dilemma, there are many conflicts, frictions, distortions and deformations. This is mainly manifested in the following aspects.

1), the government controls a series of economic and social activities, and individuals are not allowed to enter freely. This not only means that there are still serious state monopoly and control plans in many fields, but also means that many governments have adopted inappropriate methods, such as approving the registration system to enter the system control. This situation is formed. On the one hand, the entry threshold of the private sector is very high, and individuals are not allowed to enter some economic activities in this area. On the other hand, the existence and exit barriers of the state-owned economy are high, resulting in serious losses and bankruptcy, and state-owned enterprises cannot withdraw.

2) The government artificially creates markets and market transactions. The former is the construction market, such as the government and the mayor's office market. As a syndicated loan, it is acquired and merged under the matchmaking of the government. Therefore, the order of the formation and development of the market system in the market is whether the market subjects pursue profits and become government actions.

3) The government and its officials deliberately violate the market rules and disrupt the market order. For the sake of personal economic freedom, government officials focus on the behavior of buying and selling hard, not paying back debts and not paying compensation for losses. For example, compulsory insurance, compulsory multi-financing.

4) The government regulates and maintains the market order, and tries to restore the reconstruction plan, thus clearing its name. In the formation of spontaneous market order, or because of high profits, some illegal acts are attracted, or because of non-criticism, some specific rules and unreasonable overall system, a series of illegal acts occur, or cause social and economic fluctuations and instability in life. In this case, the government not only punishes illegal acts and maintains market order, but also takes planned and compulsory measures to prevent the natural development of market order. So close to the open market, market participants re-examine qualifications such as registration.

5) Abandoning the government's responsibility for making and selling fake goods, leading the market, manipulating the market, undermining the tolerance of competitors, and even officials directly breaking the law, leading to market disorder.

Therefore, we can summarize how the government and individuals interact to promote the development of the market and the development of the natural order in the transitional economy as follows.

1), return the power to the people, and establish the concept and belief that individuals are truly free to choose to establish a market over the government's choice;

2) Break the government monopoly, plan to deregulate, keep the market open, and expand the natural market space;

3) Seize this opportunity, establish a profit-making behavior standard that follows rather than follows the market players, and pave the way for providing service guarantee according to their needs.

4) Seriously investigate and deal with acts that violate laws and regulations, obstruct the destruction of market order, especially the predatory behavior of government officials.

All of the above means a fundamental change in political ideas, political philosophy, government functions and government behavior. However, this kind of transformation can't rely on the realization of good wishes and the government and its officials, let alone the excellent works of the government itself, but can only rely on market forces to influence and clean up. According to the development of social organizations, social forces and government supervision, independent countries, self-management and pluralistic civil society, power can constitute a "social balance" (Gu Xin, 1995). The second is to further discuss our wishes.

2. Market and morality: self-interest, altruism and mutual benefit.

In the institutional structure of market economy, although market and morality are both private activities, they are private activities in different regions, which regulate people's behavior in different roles and ways. There are also two reasons: correctly understanding and grasping the relationship between them and the complex relationship between the major issues that need to be faced.

As an institutionalized transaction, the relationship between markets is a way of individual economic activities or a form of material process of life. On the market side, because the contracts and transactions between buyers and sellers are as small as possible, they get as much trade benefits as possible at cost or price or enjoy as much cooperation surplus as possible with third parties. Here, human behavior is the goal and behavior of self-interest, not altruism. In addition, in order to get more benefits and all people's cooperation, trade surplus people have launched fierce competition with each other in order to show their wisdom and strength, thus promoting economic development and social progress. People often say that shopping malls are like battlefields. Here is relentless hard work, war, no sympathy, no pity, no permission from Gong Jianren.

Market process and material content are different moral life and human spiritual life; The market principle is different from the utilitarian relationship, and the moral principle is embodied in the social justice relationship. In moral life, people treat each other's relationship, their motives and results can not be directly used, but justice; It is not available, but paying. Therefore, in the moral field of life, people's behavior is not profitable, but altruistic. The moral individual makes Qianshan rise, and the moral society is to form a good social order, which is the inner compassion, shame and hatred, care and respect for the non-heart that people rely on (3).

Although the formation and operation of market system are obviously different from moral order, utility principle and justice principle, there are also different ways and methods, but there are some similarities between them. In the free market system, the independence and equal rights of individuals are established, and clear and effective protection is established. Only on this basis can individuals freely pursue their own best interests and the principle of utility can be effectively implemented. So the promotion of the market is conducive to improving efficiency and creating freedom. This is the truth proved by the reform practice. Freedom and equality, individuals enjoy equal rights and freedoms, which is the first principle of justice and the fundamental foundation and core of moral order in modern society. Without this foundation, we can neither establish a modern market system nor form a moral order in modern society. It is precisely because of this difference and connection between moral order, utilitarian principle, market system and justice principle that both personal reality and social reality can achieve an appropriate combination of organic and organic unity, and they may also be separated and disconnected. There is no lack of historical evidence.

At present, in the process of moving towards market economy, on the one hand, the market system is gradually formed in the process of rapid market development, on the other hand, in a certain scope and significance, moral decline and orderly chaos have appeared. Here, a series of theoretical problems are involved.

First of all, people's motives are diverse, with different prospects, different hazards, different results and behaviors, all of which are differences between people. In addition, there is a behavioral process from motivation to behavior, so motivation and behavioral results may have different combinations. The motive of beggar-thy-neighbor is to get as much benefit as possible, or to get a person and destroy him. The result of beggar-thy-neighbor is uncertain, as is the result of environment and other motives. To sum up, the main benefits have always been optimistic, such as altruism, sacrifice for others, his selflessness, his loss, and the victim's altruism, injury or loss. In addition to the injured person, it is immoral for the victim and the victim Li to be destroyed. Other behaviors can be divided into three categories: egoism, because altruistic and selfless people represent morality and three levels of moral goals.

The first level is that pure interests are always selfish, which is the lowest and most moral requirement. Some of these negative attitudes are because Li is immoral. This view denies the legitimacy of selfish behavior and constraints, so it is incorrect. In fact, seeking the benefits of one's own behavior is extensive, negative, low and depressing. People blink at their own interests and do not change their behavior, which will distort performance. The problem is not that people struggle for their own interests, but how to benefit themselves. There is a boundary here, that is, the interests of others and the public are harmed by their own interests. If so, it is definitely a violation of moral law and discipline, so it is good to collect ill-gotten gains. If not, then it is reasonable for your own interests. "A gentleman loves money and takes it properly." It is human nature for a gentleman to love money; The right way is to learn from diligent people by wisdom and practical learning. This is also in line with the principle of resorting to law. Its function is to stop social ethics and point directly at others. Such behavior should respect and protect others according to law. This is a selfish behavior of human beings, which promotes economic development and social progress. A country, a system, if you can't protect the legitimate interests of the people, then the country has no hope, and this system will surely perish (Zhang Shuguang, 1996).

The second level is altruistic behavior as altruism or profit, which is generally the most extensive market transaction behavior and the most common moral requirement. Because human behavior is a mutually beneficial market behavior, exchanging part of another person's rights according to rights embodies the principles of freedom, equality and justice here. Because the market transactions between the two sides do not involve the level of intimacy and distance, they can be handled as long as they are mutually beneficial. Therefore, it has become the basic criterion for altruistic actors to communicate with each other in public life, which is what people usually call morality.

The third level is people, not themselves, selfless dedication, which is the highest moral ideal and moral requirement. In real life, people's choice of this kind of moral behavior is completely personal freedom. Only those who see the greatest interests of his life and such a moral realm can turn this moral ideal into their own moral practice, and most people are unlikely to take this kind of moral behavior. If this kind of morality is a moral saint, then the first two kinds of common morality are morality. In fact, there is only altruistic behavior, that is to say, if you don't take altruistic behavior, benefiting him will always be the greatest benefit and satisfaction. So fundamentally speaking, it is selfish in the long run.

Second, different socio-economic conditions and institutional structures not only determine people's material life, but also determine people's spiritual life and moral life. Therefore, there will be a different society with different appropriate moral and ethical goals. It is not only different from the traditional social market economy, but also different from the planned economy, which is essentially different. It is necessary to pursue the traditional social and economic goals in a planned way. In the transition period of market economy, it is not appropriate to determine moral behavior by pursuing the moral and ethical goals of society and traditional planned economy. It can be seen that the goal of moral ethics is not only diversification and stratification, but also development and change. Traditional China society is known as a state of etiquette, and traditional morality has many places worth learning from, but also many obvious defects. The former needs clarification and reinterpretation in order to play a role in the current reality. First of all, traditional morality is based on the premise that everyone can be Yao and Shun. Their moral ethics pursues the goal of establishing people and having justice at home; Secondly, traditional morality is the pursuit of acquaintances in a narrow range, which depends entirely on personal introspection and conscious implementation, so traditional morality is only private morality. Only a few people have such moral practice, and it is impossible to become a universal social behavior.