Hydrogen is a secondary energy source, with many preparation methods and small resource constraints. With the fuel cell, hydrogen can be directly converted into electricity and water through electrochemical reaction, and no pollutants are discharged. Compared with fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel oil and natural gas, its conversion efficiency is not limited by Carnot cycle, and its power generation efficiency is over 50%, so it is a zero-pollution and efficient energy source.
Hydrogen energy is the medium to realize the conversion between electricity, heat, liquid fuel and other energy sources, and it is the only way to realize the coordinated optimization across energy networks in the foreseeable future. At present, the energy system is mainly composed of power grid, heating network and oil and gas pipeline network. With the help of fuel cell technology, hydrogen energy can be transformed between different energy networks, renewable energy and fossil fuel can be transformed into electric energy and thermal energy at the same time, and hydrogen fuel can be generated by reverse reaction to replace fossil fuel or store energy, thus realizing collaborative optimization among different energy networks.
With the increasing permeability of renewable energy, the demand for seasonal and even annual peak shaving will also increase day by day, and the role of energy storage will continue to emerge in the future energy system, but electrochemical energy storage and thermal energy storage are difficult to meet the demand for long-term large-capacity energy storage. Hydrogen energy can realize long-term and large-scale storage of electric energy or heat energy more economically, and can be an important way to solve the problems of abandoning wind, light and water, and ensure the safe and stable operation of high-proportion renewable energy systems in the future.
There are many application modes of hydrogen energy, which can help realize low-carbon in the main terminal application fields such as industry, construction and transportation, including being used as a fuel cell vehicle in the transportation field, supporting the integration and power generation of large-scale renewable energy as an energy storage medium, providing electricity and heat for buildings in distributed power generation or cogeneration, and directly providing clean energy or raw materials for the industrial field.
Japan, South Korea, the United States, Germany and France have formulated strategic plans and routes for the development of hydrogen energy industry at the national level, such as Japan's basic hydrogen energy strategy, the United States' hydrogen energy economic roadmap, the EU's green hydrogen energy strategy, and South Korea's hydrogen energy economic development roadmap. And continue to support the research and development of hydrogen fuel cells, and promote the pilot demonstration and multi-field application of hydrogen fuel cells. According to the Investigation Report on the Future Development Trend of Hydrogen Energy released by the International Hydrogen Energy Federation, by 2050, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will account for 20.25% of the global motor vehicles, creating a market value of 2.5 trillion US dollars and bearing about 18% of the global energy demand.
"Made in China 2025", "Action Plan for Energy Technology Revolution and Innovation (20 16-2030)", "National Innovation-Driven Development Strategy Outline", "Thirteenth Five-Year National Strategic Emerging Industry Development Plan" and "Thirteenth Five-Year National Science and Technology Innovation Plan" all list hydrogen energy and fuel cells as important tasks, as subversive technologies and strategic emerging industries leading industrial changes.
Since the beginning of this year, the tilt of national policies has increased. On June 22nd, the National Energy Administration issued "Guiding Opinions on Energy Work in 2020" to promote the development of hydrogen energy industry from the perspective of reform, innovation and industrialization of new technologies. The document pointed out that the development plan of hydrogen energy industry should be formulated and implemented, key technologies and equipment should be tackled, and application demonstration should be actively promoted.
China's first energy law asks for opinions again. Among them, hydrogen energy is classified as energy, which is the first time that China has legally confirmed that hydrogen energy belongs to energy.
At present, more than 20 provinces in China have issued plans for the development of hydrogen energy industry. In the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and other regions, hydrogen energy has formed some small-scale demonstration applications. In some places, a complete industrial chain of preparation, storage and transportation, fuel cell filling and downstream application has been formed.
Among them, Shandong Province is the first provincial long-term plan for hydrogen energy, and the strategy of Shandong 3677 is to build a hydrogen economic belt. The Medium-and Long-Term Development Plan of Hydrogen Energy Industry in Shandong Province (2020-2030) issued by the General Office of the Provincial Government takes 20 19 as the base year and the planning period is 2020-2030, which mainly includes six parts: development environment, overall requirements, development path and spatial layout, key development tasks, safeguard measures and environmental impact assessment. On March 26th, the Action Plan for the Construction of Jiqingyan International Merchants Industrial Park (2020-2025) was released. New energy vehicles, hydrogen energy and other words appear frequently, which also echoes the provincial hydrogen energy planning in Shandong Province. Two highlands, China Hydrogen Valley in Jinan and Oriental Hydrogen Island in Qingdao, will rise with the planning. Weifang Municipal People's Government Office issued the Measures for Promoting the Construction and Operation of Hydrogen Charging Stations in Weifang City. These Measures shall apply to subsidizing the enterprises engaged in the construction and hydrogenation of hydrogen refueling stations in this Municipality, and the current hydrogenation capacity and completion period shall be respectively 5-6 million yuan.
In 20 19, China's foreign dependence on oil exceeded 70% for the first time, while that on natural gas was as high as 45%. Since the Sino-US trade war broke out on 20 18, the hidden dangers of energy security caused by high dependence on overseas oil and gas imports have attracted more and more attention from policy makers and all walks of life. In an emergency, the COVID-19 epidemic further exposed the hidden dangers and risks of industrial chain globalization, further deepened the anti-globalization trend of thought, and raised the status of energy security to a new political height.
Global climate change is one of the most complex challenges facing mankind in the 2 1 century, and one of the measures to slow down climate change is to reduce man-made emissions of greenhouse gases. China is the second largest carbon emitter after the United States, and has promised to be carbon neutral in 2060 and reach the peak of carbon dioxide emission in 2030. On the road of carbon neutrality, hydrogen energy is an indispensable form of secondary energy.
Although hydrogen energy has a broad development prospect, it also faces problems such as weak industrial base, high equipment and fuel costs, and security disputes. At present, China's hydrogen production technology is relatively mature and has a certain industrialization foundation. Hydrogen production from fossil energy and industrial by-product hydrogen have reached a considerable scale in China, and the technology of hydrogen production from alkaline electrolyzed water is mature. However, there is still a big gap compared with the international advanced level in hydrogen storage and transportation technology and fuel cell terminal application technology.
For example, in terms of storage and transportation, realizing large-scale and low-cost storage and transportation of hydrogen energy is still a difficult problem for China and even the whole world. As the main way of hydrogen energy storage and transportation at home and abroad, high-pressure gaseous hydrogen still has some problems, such as low hydrogen storage density and high storage and transportation cost.
Hydrogen is a secondary energy source and needs to be produced by other energy sources through certain methods. At present, it mainly includes the following methods:
Alkanes in natural gas undergo a series of chemical reactions in the reformer at appropriate pressure and temperature to generate reformed gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen. After the reformed gas passes through PSA device with various adsorbents under automatic control, impurities such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are adsorbed by adsorption tower to obtain hydrogen.
There are two main methods to produce hydrogen-containing gas from coal: one is coking of coal, and the other is gasification of coal. Coking refers to the production of coke from coal under the condition of air isolation at the temperature of 90- 1000, and the by-product is coke oven gas. The composition of coke oven gas contains about 55-60% hydrogen. Coal gasification refers to the reaction of coal with gasifying agent at high temperature, normal pressure or pressure, which is converted into gas products, mainly composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and pure hydrogen can be obtained after conversion.
Usually, hydrogen is not produced directly from petroleum, but from products after primary cracking of petroleum, such as naphtha, heavy oil, petroleum coke and refinery dry gas. The main processes of hydrogen production from naphtha include naphtha desulfurization conversion, CO shift and PSA, which are very similar to hydrogen production from natural gas. Hydrogen production from heavy oil is to react with water vapor and oxygen under a certain pressure to generate hydrogen-containing gas products; Hydrogen production from petroleum coke is very similar to hydrogen production from coal, both of which are developed on the basis of hydrogen production from coal. Hydrogen production from refinery dry gas is mainly light hydrocarbon steam reforming plus pressure swing adsorption separation, which is very similar to hydrogen production from natural gas.
The chlor-alkali industry uses electrolytic brine to produce chlorine and caustic soda. The anode of electrolytic cell produces chlorine, the cathode produces hydrogen, and caustic soda is produced near the cathode. Hydrogen enters the deoxidation tower for deoxidation, and then impurities such as N2, H2, CO2 and H2O are removed by pressure swing adsorption, thus obtaining high-purity hydrogen.
Hydrogen production from methanol steam reforming is widely used because of its high hydrogen yield, reasonable energy utilization, simple process control and convenient industrial operation. Under certain temperature and pressure conditions, methanol and steam undergo methanol cracking reaction and carbon monoxide shift reaction under the action of catalyst to generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and the H2 and CO2 generated by reforming reaction are separated by pressure swing adsorption (PSA) to obtain high-purity hydrogen.
Hydrogen production by electrolysis of water is a simple method. Direct current is applied to an alkaline electrolytic cell (ALK) filled with electrolyte, and water molecules undergo electrochemical reaction on the electrode, and are decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen. PEM electrolyzer can also be used to directly electrolyze pure water to produce hydrogen. In this way, clean energy such as photoelectricity, wind power and hydropower can be used to electrolyze water to produce hydrogen.
(1) Principle and characteristics of wind turbine: Wind turbine can achieve optimal energy capture at low wind speed by controlling the speed of rotor; At high wind speed, keep the speed and power of the wind wheel stable. Therefore, before the rated wind speed (under most working conditions), the active power of wind turbines has been fluctuating with the change of wind power, which is manifested as the fluctuation of power generation in seconds. In addition, the wind turbine is a current source, that is to say, the wind turbine always follows the AC frequency of 50Hz of the power grid and transmits energy to the power grid through current. Without the voltage maintenance of the power grid, it is difficult for current wind turbines to generate electricity independently.
(2) Photovoltaic power generation: Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy into electric energy. On the one hand, the photovoltaic inverter tracks the optimal power point of photovoltaic cells through control; On the other hand, the 50Hz AC frequency of the power grid is tracked as a current source, and energy is transmitted to the power grid through the current mode. Because the sunlight changes little minute by minute, the fluctuation is smaller than the wind. But photovoltaic power generation is intermittent day and night.
Hydrogen production by photovoltaic power generation mainly uses the direct current generated by photovoltaic power generation system to directly provide hydrogen production power to hydrogen production stations. There are three main technical routes.
Hydrogen production in alkaline electrolyzer. The electrolyzer is simple in structure, suitable for large-scale hydrogen production, low in price and low in efficiency by about 70%~80%. The main equipment includes power supply, cathode and anode, diaphragm, electrolyte and electrolytic tank. Electrolyte is usually sodium hydroxide solution, and electrolyzers are mainly unipolar and bipolar.
Hydrogen production by proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEM electrolyzer). The efficiency is higher than that of alkaline electrolyzer, and ion exchange technology is mainly used. The electrolyzer is mainly composed of polymer membrane, anode and cathode electrodes. Because of the high proton conductivity, the working current of the electrolyzer can be greatly improved, thus improving the electrolysis efficiency.
Hydrogen production by solid oxide electrolyzer. It can work at high temperature, and heat energy can replace part of electric energy, with high efficiency and low cost. The solid oxide electrolyzer is the most efficient equipment among the three electrolyzers, and the residual heat after the reaction can be recovered together with the steam turbine and refrigeration system, improving the efficiency by 90%.
The technical route of hydrogen production by electrolysis of water is mature, but the key factor that has not been widely promoted at present is electricity price. At present, the cost of hydrogen production from industrial electricity is too high and the market competitiveness is poor.
The investment of methanol hydrogen production is low, which is suitable for hydrogen production scale below 2500Nm3. According to the hydrogen consumption 1 nm3, 0.72 kg of methanol is consumed, and the price of methanol is calculated as 23 19 yuan/ton. The cost of producing hydrogen from methanol is shown in the following table.
The unit investment cost of hydrogen production from natural gas is low, and the economy is good above 1000 nm3. The consumption of hydrogen is 0.6Nm3 according to 1 Nm3, and the price of natural gas is calculated according to 1.82 yuan /Nm3. The cost of hydrogen production is shown in the following table:
Cost table of hydrogen production from natural gas
Taking 1000Nm3/h water electrolysis for hydrogen production as an example, the total investment is about140,000 yuan. According to the energy consumption calculation of 1Nm3 hydrogen, the hydrogen production cost calculated by different electricity prices is analyzed in the following table:
Cost Table of Hydrogen Production from Photovoltaic Power Generation
From this analysis, only when the price of photovoltaic power generation is controlled below 0.3 yuan/kWh can the cost of hydrogen production be competitive. According to the current market price, the cost of 100MW photovoltaic DC system is as follows:
Cost of photovoltaic DC system
Taking the first-class resource area as an example, the photovoltaic utilization hours in the first year are 1.700 hours, and other parameters are: installed capacity 100MW, construction period 1 year, capital investment ratio of 20%, working capital 10 yuan /kW, and loan term/kloc-0. The salvage rate is 5%, the maintenance rate is 0.5%, there are 5 people, the average annual salary of labor is 70,000 yuan, welfare and other 70%, the insurance rate is 0.23%, the material cost is 3 yuan /kW, and other expenses are 10 yuan /kW. Calculate the electricity price according to the internal rate of return of all investments meeting 8%, and analyze and calculate the electricity prices when the costs are 230 million, 200 million, 65.438+0.8 billion and 65.438+0.6 billion respectively. After calculation, when the internal rate of return of all investment is 8%, the electricity price under different construction costs is as follows:
Back calculation of electricity price under different project costs
Hydrogen production by photovoltaic power generation has been economically feasible in resource-based areas, and its cost is lower than that of natural gas and methanol. With the continuous decline of photovoltaic power generation cost, the competitiveness of hydrogen production from photovoltaic power generation will be further enhanced. In this paper, the transportation cost of hydrogen is not considered, and the direct power supply of photovoltaic power generation should be close to the demand side. Resource-class areas are mainly concentrated in the northwest, and hydrogen users are mainly refining and chemical enterprises, which consume a large amount of gas and need large-scale hydrogen production stations.
The price of photovoltaic modules has dropped rapidly. With the further reduction of prices, hydrogen production from photovoltaic power generation in some second-class resource areas will also be competitive. This kind of area is close to the load center, with developed economy and large demand for hydrogen. Hydrogen production by photovoltaic power generation is simple and difficult to operate and maintain, and the scale of hydrogen production can be modularized according to the site and demand. With the development of fuel cell technology, hydrogen production from distributed renewable energy for fuel cells will also be an important development trend in the future.
According to the different states of hydrogen, the modes of hydrogen transportation can be divided into gaseous hydrogen (GH2), liquid hydrogen (LH2) and solid hydrogen (SH2). The choice of transportation mode should be based on the following four comprehensive considerations: energy efficiency during transportation, hydrogen transportation, hydrogen loss during transportation and transportation mileage.
In the case of small consumption and scattered users, gas and hydrogen are usually transported on vehicles such as cars and ships through hydrogen storage containers, and in the case of large consumption, pipeline transportation is generally used. Liquid hydrogen is transported by cars, boats and other means of transport.
Although there are many modes of hydrogen transportation, from the development trend, the three modes of hydrogen transportation in China are mainly gas-hydrogen trailer, gas-hydrogen pipeline and liquid hydrogen truck.
Long-tube trailer is the most common way to transport hydrogen in China. This method is quite mature in technology. However, due to the low density of hydrogen and the heavy weight of hydrogen storage container, the weight of hydrogen transported only accounts for 1~2% of the total transportation weight. Therefore, long-tube trailers are only suitable for scenes with short transportation distance (transportation radius of 200 kilometers) and low transportation capacity.
The workflow is as follows: the purified product hydrogen is compressed to 20MPa by a compressor, loaded into a long-tube trailer through an air column, and transported to the destination; the tube bundle filled with hydrogen is separated from the locomotive, and the hydrogen in the tube bundle is discharged into the high-,medium-and low-pressure hydrogen storage tanks of the hydrogenation station through an air unloading column and a pressure regulating station for staged storage.
The transportation efficiency of this method is low. Domestic standards stipulate that the nominal working pressure of gas cylinders for long-tube trailers is 10-30MPa, and most gas cylinders for transporting hydrogen are 20MPa.
Take the container tube bundle box11-2140-H2-20-I produced by Hainan Liang Company as an example. Its working pressure is 20MPa, and hydrogen with a volume of 4 164Nm3 and a mass of 347kg can be filled each time. The total mass after loading is 33/kloc. The main domestic manufacturers of long-tube trailers are CIMC Anruike, Luxi Chemical, Shanghai Nanliang, Pujiang Gas and Shandong Huabin Hydrogen Energy.
Calculation of hydrogen transportation cost of long-tube trailer
In order to calculate the cost of transporting hydrogen by long-tube trailer, our basic assumptions are as follows:
(1) The scale of the hydrogen station is 500kg/ day, and it is100km away from the hydrogen source; ;
(2) The long-tube trailer is fully loaded with 350kg of hydrogen, and the residual rate of hydrogen in the tube bundle is 20%, and the daily working time is15h; ;
(3) The average trailer speed is 50km/h, the fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is 25 liters, and the diesel price is 7 yuan/liter;
(4) The price of power headstock is 400,000 yuan/set, with depreciation of 65,438+00 years; The bundle price is 6,543,800 yuan+0.2 million yuan/set, which is depreciated for 20 years, and the depreciation method is the straight-line method;
(5) The trailer is charged and unloaded with hydrogen for 5 hours;
(6) When hydrogen is compressed, the power consumption is 1kwh/kg, and the electricity price is 0.6 yuan/kwh;
(7) Each trailer is equipped with two drivers, 1 loading and unloading operator, with a salary of 6,543,800 yuan+person-year;
(8) Vehicle insurance fee 1 1,000 yuan/year, maintenance fee 0.3 yuan/km, and toll fee 0.6 yuan/km; According to the above assumptions, it can be estimated that the transportation cost of hydrogen is 8.66 yuan /kg for a hydrogen station with a scale of 500kg/d and a distance of 100km from the hydrogen source.
The calculation process is as follows:
The transportation cost rises sharply with the increase of distance. When the transportation distance is 50km, the transportation cost of hydrogen is 5.43 yuan /kg. With the increase of transportation distance, the transportation cost of long-tube trailer increases gradually.
When the distance is 500km, the transportation cost reaches 20. 18 yuan /kg.
Considering economic problems, long-tube trailers are generally suitable for short-distance transportation within 200km.
Increasing the working pressure of tube bundle can reduce the cost of transporting hydrogen.
Due to the restriction of domestic standards, the maximum working pressure of long-pipe trailer is limited to 20MPa, while 50MPa hydrogen long-pipe trailer has been introduced internationally.
If the standard of storage and transportation pressure is relaxed in China, the tube bundle with the same volume can accommodate more hydrogen, thus reducing the transportation cost.
When the transportation distance is 100km, the transportation cost of long-tube trailer with working pressure of 20MPa and 50MPa is 8.66 yuan /kg and 5.60 yuan /kg respectively, and the latter is about 64.67% of the former.
There is a potential low-cost way to transport hydrogen, but the development of hydrogen pipeline network in China is insufficient, so it is necessary to speed up the construction.
The low-pressure pipeline is suitable for large-scale and long-distance hydrogen transportation. Because hydrogen needs to be transported at low pressure (working pressure is 1~4MPa), the energy consumption is lower than that of high-pressure hydrogen transportation, but the initial investment of pipeline construction is large.
There is still much room for improvement in the layout of hydrogen pipe network in China. The United States and Europe are the earliest regions in the world to develop hydrogen pipeline networks, with a history of 70 years.
According to the statistical data of PNNL in 2065438+06, there are 4,542 kilometers of hydrogen pipelines in the world, including 2,608 kilometers in the United States, 0/598 kilometers in Europe and only 100 kilometers in China.
With the rapid development of hydrogen energy industry, the increasing demand for hydrogen will promote the construction of hydrogen pipe network in China.
Hydrogen pipeline has high cost and large investment, and transporting hydrogen through natural gas pipeline can reduce the cost.
Natural gas pipeline is the largest pipeline in the world, accounting for more than half of the total length of pipelines in the world, compared with a small number of hydrogen pipelines. According to the report of the International Energy Agency, there are currently 3 million kilometers of natural gas pipelines and only 5,000 kilometers of hydrogen pipelines in the world. The existing hydrogen pipelines are all operated by hydrogen production enterprises to transport the finished hydrogen to chemical and oil refining units.
Because hydrogen embrittlement (that is, the toughness decreases due to the reaction between metal and hydrogen) leads to hydrogen escape, it is necessary to choose materials with low carbon content as hydrogen transmission pipelines. The cost of hydrogen pipeline in the United States is 31~ 940,000 USD/km, while that of natural gas pipeline is only1.2.5 ~ 500,000 USD/km, and the cost of hydrogen pipeline is more than twice that of natural gas pipeline.
Although the flow of hydrogen in the pipeline is 2.8 times that of natural gas, the energy density of the same volume of hydrogen is only one third of that of natural gas because of its small volume energy density. Therefore, the power of the pump station compressor used for transporting hydrogen with the same energy is higher than that of the compressor used for compressing natural gas, which leads to the high cost of transporting hydrogen.
The infrastructure construction of hydrogen transportation network needs huge capital investment and a long construction period, and the construction of pipeline also involves the demolition and construction of land, which all hinder the construction of hydrogen pipeline.
The research shows that the natural gas-hydrogen mixed fuel with 20% hydrogen volume content can directly use the existing natural gas pipeline without any modification.
Adding no more than 20% hydrogen into the natural gas pipeline network and purifying the transported mixture can not only make full use of the existing pipeline facilities, but also reduce the transportation cost of hydrogen economically.
At present, some foreign countries have adopted this method.
In order to calculate the cost of transporting hydrogen by pipeline, we refer to the basic parameters of Jiyuan-Luoyang hydrogen pipeline and make the following assumptions:
(1) The pipeline length is 25/km；, with a total investment of10.46 billion yuan and an investment of 5.84 million yuan per unit length; (10) annual hydrogen transmission capacity 100400 tons, and the hydrogen loss rate during transportation is 8%;
(2) The direct and indirect maintenance cost of the pipeline gas distribution station is calculated as 15% of the investment;
(3) When hydrogen is compressed, the power consumption is 1kwh/kg, and the electricity price is 0.6 yuan/kwh;
(4) The service life of the pipeline is 20 years, and it is depreciated by the straight-line method.
According to the above assumptions, a 25-meter-long hydrogen pipeline with an annual capacity of100400 tons can be calculated, and the price of transporting hydrogen is 0.86 yuan /kg.
When the transportation distance is 100km, the cost of transporting hydrogen is 1.20 yuan /kg, which is only 1/5 of the cost of a gas-hydrogen trailer with the same distance. Transporting hydrogen through pipelines is a reliable way to reduce costs.
It is suitable for long-distance transportation, and the application gap at home and abroad is obvious. However, liquid hydrogen transportation is more efficient than gas hydrogen transportation, and its domestic application is limited.
The transportation system of liquid hydrogen tank car consists of three parts: power locomotive, vehicle trailer and liquid hydrogen storage tank.
Because the transportation temperature of liquid hydrogen needs to be kept below -253℃, and the temperature difference with the external environment is large, in order to ensure the sealing and heat insulation performance of liquid hydrogen storage, the material and process requirements for liquid hydrogen storage tank are higher, which makes its initial investment cost higher.
Liquid hydrogen tanker transportation is a method of cryogenic hydrogen to 2 1K for liquefaction, and then transporting liquid hydrogen in a cylindrical special low-temperature adiabatic tank with a pressure of 0.6 MPa.
Because the volumetric energy density of liquid hydrogen reaches 8.5MJ/L, the capacity of liquid hydrogen tanker is about 65m3, and the net hydrogen can be transported at one time is about 4000kg, which is more than 10 times of that of gas-hydrogen trailer, which greatly improves the transportation efficiency and is suitable for large-scale and long-distance transportation.
However, the disadvantage is that the energy consumption for preparing liquid hydrogen is large (the energy consumption for liquefying hydrogen with the same calorific value is more than 1 1 times that of compressed hydrogen), and liquid hydrogen has certain evaporation loss during storage and transportation.
Abroad, especially in Europe, America, Japan and other countries, the development of liquid hydrogen technology has been relatively mature, and liquid hydrogen has entered the stage of large-scale application of storage and transportation. In some areas, the transportation scale of liquid hydrogen tanker exceeds that of gas hydrogen.
At present, it is only used in aerospace and military fields in China, because the standards of liquid hydrogen production, transportation and storage devices are all military standards, and there is no civil standard, which greatly limits the application of liquid hydrogen tank cars in civil fields.
Domestic related enterprises have begun to develop corresponding liquid hydrogen storage tanks and liquid hydrogen tankers. For example, companies such as CIMC Sundyne and Furui Hydrogen Energy have developed domestic liquid hydrogen storage and transportation products.
2065438+On June 26th, 2009, the National Technical Committee for Hydrogen Energy Standardization sent a letter to solicit opinions on three national standards: Liquid Hydrogen for Hydrogen Energy Vehicles, Technical Specification for Liquid Hydrogen Production System and Safety Technical Requirements for Liquid Hydrogen Storage and Transportation.
After the formation of relevant standards and policy specifications for liquid hydrogen, low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage with higher hydrogen storage density and transmission efficiency will be an important development direction in the future.
In order to calculate the transportation cost of liquid hydrogen tanker, our basic assumptions are as follows:
(1) The scale of the hydrogen station is 500kg/ day, and it is100km away from the hydrogen source; ;
(2) The loading capacity of the tanker is 15000 gallons (about 68m3, i.e. 4000kg), and the daily working time is15h; ;
(3) The average speed of the tanker is 50km/h, the fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is 25 liters, and the price of diesel oil is 7 yuan/liter;
(4) The price of liquid hydrogen tank car is about 500,000 USD/car, and it is depreciated by 10 year, and the depreciation method is the straight-line method;
(5) The loading and unloading time of the tank car is 6.5h；;
(6) The electricity consumption during hydrogen compression is 1 1kwh/kg, and the electricity price is 0.6 yuan/kwh;
(7) Each trailer is equipped with two drivers, 1 loading and unloading operator, with a salary of 6,543,800 yuan+person-year;
(8) Vehicle insurance fee 1 1,000 yuan/year, maintenance fee 0.3 yuan/km, and toll fee 0.6 yuan/km. According to the above assumptions, it can be calculated that the scale of the hydrogen station is 500kg/d, the distance from the hydrogen source point is 100km, and the hydrogen transportation cost is 13.57 yuan /kg.
The calculation process is as follows:
The cost change of liquid hydrogen tanker is insensitive to distance. When the hydrogen refueling station is 50~500km away from the hydrogen source, the transportation price of liquid hydrogen tanker increases slightly in the range of13.51~14.05438+0 yuan /kg. Although the transportation cost increases with the distance, the increase is not large. This is because the electricity consumption in the liquefaction process, which accounts for about 60% of the total cost, is only related to the hydrogen load and has nothing to do with the distance. However, the proportion of fuel costs and tolls that are positively related to the distance is not large, and the liquid hydrogen tanker has more cost advantages under long-distance transportation.
Chapter IV Construction of Hydrogenation Stations
1. Investment estimation
Investment in hydrogen refueling stations mainly includes equipment investment, civil engineering investment, design, supervision and approval.
The project investment estimation table is as follows:
Description of serial number, name and expenses (10,000 yuan)
1 process equipment 222.00
1. 1 supercharging system 160.00
1.2 filling system 56.00
1.3 unloading system 6.00
2 field pipelines, instrument cables, etc. 12.00
3 PLC cabinet, flame probe, hydrogen leakage probe, video monitoring, etc.
4 Equipment installation and debugging 40.00 including auxiliary materials
5 Civil Engineering 80.00
6 Design, supervision, approval and other expenses 45.00
7 Total 424.00
2. Operating cost estimation
After the completion of the hydrogen refueling station, the operating costs include land rent, equipment depreciation, operation and maintenance costs and personnel salaries.
The total investment of the project is 4.24 million yuan, and the fixed assets are comprehensively depreciated by the straight-line method, excluding residual value, and depreciated and amortized by 10 year, with an annual depreciation of 424,000 yuan.
The annual operation and maintenance cost includes equipment maintenance fee, management fee and labor fee, electricity fee and water fee, of which equipment maintenance fee is about 550,000 yuan, management fee and labor fee (for four workers) is 6.5438+0.5 million yuan, electricity fee and water fee are 300,000 yuan, and the annual operation and maintenance cost is 6.5438+0.0 million yuan.
The single station of this project covers an area of about 2 mu. According to the current land acquisition cost of the service area, the land rent is temporarily calculated at 654.38+10,000 yuan per mu per year, and the annual land rent for a single station is 200,000 yuan.
3. Benefit calculation
The external sales price of hydrogen refueling station is 35 yuan/kg, and the difference between purchase and sale is generally 20 yuan/kg.
The design daily hydrogenation capacity of this hydrogen station project is 500kg/d, and the filling pressure is 35MPa；; According to its 70% filling capacity, if it is filled with 350kg every day, the annual filling capacity can be 120000kg.
According to the spread income, the annual gross profit is estimated to be 2.52 million yuan.
Economic benefit analysis:
Serial number name unit amount (ten thousand yuan) Remarks
1 price difference income (gross profit) RMB10,000.00 yuan.
The land rent is RMB10,000.00 yuan.
The three-year operation cost is 65,438+000.00 yuan.
4 depreciation and amortization: 10,000 yuan; 42.4 Depreciation is 65,438+00 years.
5-year pre-tax profit of 10,000 yuan 97.6
5 Tax: 10,000 yuan: 24.4 yuan
6-year profit of 10,000 yuan 73.2
The payback period of static investment is: 57.9 years, 4.24 million yuan/732,000 yuan.
However, at present, there are few vehicles using hydrogen fuel, but hydrogen energy continues to develop under favorable policies, and the current forecast is very difficult and unpredictable. In the calculation, 70% of the design load is taken for estimation.
Shandong Province issued the first provincial-level long-term plan for hydrogen energy, and Shandong 3677 built the Shandong hydrogen economic belt. With the planning, Jinan's "China Hydrogen Valley" and Qingdao's "Oriental Hydrogen Island" have broad development prospects and potential. Under the current national carbon dioxide emission peak and carbon neutral strategy, hydrogen energy will surely usher in a great development stage.