There are 9 companies in this survey. Qinghai Tibetan Sheep Carpet (Group) Co., Ltd. is a private enterprise with self-operated import and export operation rights and foreign trade circulation import and export operation rights. At present, there are 8 independent accounting Tibetan carpet manufacturers (Qinghai Plateau Tibetan Sheep Carpet Co., Ltd. and Qinghai Hu Hai Tibetan Carpet Co., Ltd., and the remaining 6 are enterprises outside the province). At the same time, the company has four export companies in China, Shanghai and Tianjin, Osaka and Hamburg. Qinghai Haiyuan Industry & Trade Co., Ltd. is a private joint-stock enterprise which mainly produces woven carpets and also runs hand-made carpets, and has the right to import and export foreign trade. Qinghai Meiya Ecological Development Co., Ltd. is a foreign-invested enterprise that produces handmade carpets and has the right to import and export foreign trade circulation. Doba National Carpet Factory in Huangzhong County and Jinyang Carpet Factory in Xunhua County are two private enterprises that mainly produce silk wool Tibetan carpets and antique Tibetan carpets. At present, Jinyang carpet factory is in a state of suspension. Ledu National Carpet Factory and Ledu Hu Hai Carpet Factory are two collective enterprises entrusted to process handmade carpets.
Second, the development status and characteristics of Tibetan carpet industry
(1) Tibetan carpet enterprises dominated by non-public ownership expanded their production scale and accelerated their development.
In 2004, the total assets of Tibetan carpet enterprises were105.96 million yuan, an increase of 97 1% compared with 2003, of which the assets of non-public enterprises accounted for 99%. The total paid-in capital of Tibetan carpet enterprises is 27.4 million yuan, of which: the national capital is10.57 million yuan, accounting for 0.6%; The collective fund is 300,000 yuan, accounting for1.1%; The corporate capital is 7.25 million yuan, accounting for 26.4%; Individual capital 176 1 10,000 yuan, accounting for 64.3%; Foreign investment was 2,087,800 yuan, accounting for 7.6%.
In 2004, enterprises in the province produced 6,543,800+500,000 square meters of Tibetan carpets, an increase of 25% over 2003. It is estimated that this year's production capacity will reach 210.5 million square meters. The total industrial output value of enterprises is 65,438+265,438+680,000 yuan at current prices, an increase of 27.3% over 2003. The output and output value of Qinghai Plateau Tibetan Sheep Carpet Co., Ltd., Qinghai Hu Hai Tibetan Carpet Co., Ltd. and Qinghai Haiyuan Industry and Trade Co., Ltd. account for 74% and 94% of the total output and output value respectively. In terms of product composition, machine-made blankets account for 38% and hand-made blankets account for 62%. In the total output of products, exports account for 63%, of which the export rate of hand-made carpets is as high as 98%, and the products sell well in more than 20 countries and regions such as Europe, America and Japan.
From June to April this year, the enterprise produced a total of 4 1800 square meters of Tibetan carpets, an increase of 40.3% over the same period last year; The current industrial output value was 39,265,438+million yuan, an increase of 15.2% over the same period of last year.
(2) The rapid growth of foreign exchange earned by export has played a positive role in promoting excellent national culture.
Qinghai Province is one of the five pastoral areas in China, which is rich in animal products resources and has a long history of carpet production. This is one of the birthplaces of Tibetan carpets, and "Xining Dabai Cat" is recognized by the carpet industry in the world as the best raw material for weaving carpets. Over the years, due to historical and environmental reasons, Tibetan carpets originated in Qinghai, but they have not been greatly developed here. On the contrary, Nepalese, Indian, Pakistani and other countries have developed Tibetan carpets as domestic pillar industries in China. At the peak, the annual export of Tibetan carpets in Nepal reached $65.438+0.6 billion. From 1986 to 1992, Qinghai Tibetan carpet industry has developed rapidly. However, with the passage of time, the production idea of "fixing production by sales" has seriously hindered the development of Tibetan carpet industry, and the production of products is out of touch with the international market demand, and Qinghai Tibetan carpet industry is facing a reshuffle. Since 2000, with the strong support of the provincial party committee, provincial government and relevant departments, the original resources of Tibetan carpet industry in Qinghai have been re-integrated, and Tibetan carpet production has begun to enter the road of industrialization and become one of the international markets. In 2004, Qinghai Tibetan Sheep Carpet (Group) Co., Ltd. earned foreign exchange through export 142 10000 USD. Qinghai Hu Hai Tibetan Carpet Co., Ltd. achieved export earnings of 2.48 million US dollars; Qinghai Meiya Ecological Development Co., Ltd. earned US$ 3,765,438+700,000 through export, and accumulated US$ 65,438+70,665,438+700,000, an increase of 37.97% over 2003. It can be seen that Zangyang Carpet (Group) Co., Ltd. basically represents the overall export level of Qinghai carpet industry. Nationally, there are 360 carpet enterprises in China, and the export of Tibetan Sheep Group accounts for 65,438+00% of similar products in China and 3% of the total carpet export in China. In China, there are 6 carpet export enterprises with annual export value exceeding10 million USD, and 20 enterprises with annual export value exceeding 5 million USD. Tibetan sheep group has always been among them. As far as the international market is concerned, the export volume of Tibetan carpets of Tibetan Sheep Group accounted for 65,438+02.5% of Nepal in 2006, and rose to 65,438+06.4% in 2003. Nowadays, the combination of traditional ethnic handicrafts and modern science and technology has made Tibetan carpets with Qinghai regional characteristics cross the ocean and let more people know, understand and appreciate this traditional handicraft.
(3) The continuous improvement of economic benefits has opened up a new way for farmers and herdsmen to increase their income.
In 2004, the sales output value of enterprises in the whole province reached 1.5 1.44 million yuan, an increase of 32.6% over 2003, and the production and sales rate reached 1.24%. Achieve sales revenue of145.54 million yuan, an increase of 40.9% over 2003; After breakeven, the total profit and tax was 9.067 million yuan, an increase of 33.5% over 2003; The overall labor productivity increased from 7365 yuan/person in 2003 to 9047 yuan/person; The total annual income of employees is about 58 million yuan. According to the production practice of Tibetan carpets, 100 pure wool Tibetan carpets 1 m2 needs 6 kilograms of Xining Dabai wool. If Tibetan carpets with a low number of tracks are produced, the wool consumption will be even greater. According to the calculation of foreign exchange earned by export, the foreign exchange earned by Tibetan carpets is150,000 USD, and Xining Dabai wool needs to be digested by 2,250 tons. According to the current market price, it can increase the income of herdsmen by 23.625 million yuan.
(D) It has opened up a new field to ease the employment pressure.
According to relevant data, every increase in the export volume of Tibetan carpets will earn 654.38 million US dollars and require 654.38 million jobs. In recent years, the state has implemented major ecological construction projects such as grazing prohibition on natural grasslands and returning farmland to forests, and the surplus labor force in rural and pastoral areas has increased, which urgently needs to open up new fields of employment. Due to the reform of state-owned enterprises in cities, some laid-off workers are in urgent need of resettlement. Tibetan carpet industry is a labor-intensive industry, and developing Tibetan carpet industry can effectively alleviate this contradiction. According to the survey, in 2004, there were 654.38+340,000 employees in enterprises in the whole province, an increase of 10.74% compared with 2003, of which 654.38+220,000 were migrant workers, accounting for 9 1% of the total employees, an increase of 10 compared with 2004, because of hiding blankets. 2005 has become an effective form and way to help farmers and herdsmen get rid of poverty and increase their income, solve the problem of local transfer of surplus labor force in rural and pastoral areas and save the transfer cost of labor force in different places. At present, Qinghai Plateau Tibetan Sheep Carpet Co., Ltd. has built and is building 164 semi-finished workshops for Tibetan carpets (including 42 workshops under construction, which can solve 4,000 jobs after completion), involving five counties under the jurisdiction of Haidong, Haibei, Hainan, Huangnan and Xining. The production and marketing model of "company+farmer" is becoming more and more perfect, which is very important for promoting agriculture with industry and realizing "agriculture with agriculture"
To sum up, 2004 was a bumper harvest year for Tibetan carpet industry in Qinghai province, which achieved double high-speed growth in output and benefit. Tibetan carpet industry has gradually become an important part of Qinghai's characteristic economy, which not only injects a fresh force into Qinghai's economic growth, but also opens up a new way for farmers and herdsmen to increase their employment and income. In terms of quality and technology, the production level of Tibetan carpets in Qinghai can basically represent the overall situation of Tibetan carpets in China. Although there is still a gap between Qinghai Tibetan carpet production and Nepal's, it has an advantage in quality and variety, and its production technology and pattern design are at the leading level in the world. These achievements are mainly attributed to the following factors:
1. The macro environment for industrial economic operation has been further improved. In recent years, the provincial party committee and government have attached great importance to the development of industrial economy, and the strategic position of "a strong industrial province" has been unprecedentedly improved. In addition, the state continued to implement the strategy of developing the western region and adhered to the policy of expanding domestic demand, which provided a good macro-environment for the smooth operation of the industrial economy.
2. The government set up a stage and enterprises sang opera, which promoted the development of Tibetan carpet industry. In 2003, the Qinghai provincial government held a special meeting to clarify the supporting policies for the development of Tibetan carpet industry. Qinghai Tibetan Carpet International Exhibition, successfully held in 2004 and to be held on June 25th this year, has set up a big stage to show a group of talents for opening wider to the outside world, creating a characteristic economy, promoting famous carpets, establishing corporate image, strengthening international exchanges and promoting the development of carpet industry. In the past two years, while vigorously supporting the development of leading Tibetan carpet enterprises such as Tibetan sheep, we have also guided leading Tibetan carpet enterprises and farmers and herdsmen to form a "three-in-one" production model of unified supply of raw and auxiliary materials and acquisition of semi-finished products, unified market development, unified management and decentralized processing workshops in different villages, and encouraged farmers and herdsmen to invest in Tibetan carpet industry. Facing the international market, developing local characteristic industries and competitive characteristic products is the direction of economic development in Qinghai Province. Because of its rich cultural background and good social and economic benefits, Tibetan carpet industry has been identified as one of the key industries supported by Qinghai Province, which has been strongly supported by policies and other aspects and has a good industrial development environment.
3. While promoting enterprise reform, private enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises have made great breakthroughs. On the basis of further promoting the standardized reorganization of state-owned small and medium-sized enterprises, we will support the development of private enterprises through various forms such as phased shareholding and guarantee. Actively explore and broaden the financing channels for small and medium-sized enterprises, help enterprises introduce advanced technology to expand production capacity and significantly improve production capacity. After reorganization and integration, the production and operation of Tibetan carpet industry has made great progress in recent years, and new breakthroughs have been made in new product development and production scale. With Qinghai Plateau Tibetan Sheep Carpet Co., Ltd. and Qinghai Hu Hai Tibetan Carpet Co., Ltd. as the leading companies, supplemented by Qinghai Haiyuan Carpet Co., Ltd. and Meiya Ecological Development Co., Ltd., an export-oriented enterprise integrating wool washing, spinning and dyeing, carpet weaving, pattern design and product development has been formed.
Third, the evaluation of enterprise development.
Among the 9 enterprises interviewed, 78% are optimistic about the development prospect of Tibetan carpet industry in Qinghai Province. 67% of enterprises are satisfied and basically satisfied with their own development and operating efficiency; 89% enterprises are satisfied and basically satisfied with the government's policy of encouraging and developing Tibetan carpet industry; Whether the government's policy of encouraging and developing Tibetan carpet industry has been implemented, 77% of enterprises gave a positive answer.
Fourth, the existing problems
(1) The output value of new products declined in 2004, and the total profit and tax decreased from June to April this year.
According to the survey, in 2004, the output value of new products of nine enterprises was 8.47 million yuan, which was 2.3 percentage points lower than that of 2003 due to the sharp decline in the output value of new products of Haiyuan Industry and Trade Company. From June to April this year, the total profit and tax of nine enterprises after breakeven was148,500 yuan, a decrease of18.48 million yuan or 92.6% compared with the same period of last year. Qinghai Plateau Company and Qinghai Haiyuan Company are the enterprises with a large decline, and Qinghai Tibetan Sheep Company and Qinghai Meiya Company are the enterprises with a net loss.
Lack of professional and technical personnel
Among the employees surveyed, only 7.6% have college education or above, while the proportion of junior high school education or below is as high as 63.4%. Professional and technical personnel account for only 3.2% of all employees.
Insufficient capital investment and production and processing capacity
In recent years, the provincial government's support for Tibetan carpet industry has been increasing. The Tibetan carpet industry in the province has invested more than 9 million yuan for factory building, personnel training and market development. However, due to the increasing market demand, the capital investment is obviously insufficient. For example, the existing carpet weaving workshops in the province, especially the post-processing capacity of products, cannot meet the needs of the rapidly growing semi-finished products production. At the same time, influenced by the national credit tightening policy, the financial sector has further intensified the efforts to reduce the scale of credit and control the amount of money, thus aggravating the serious shortage of working capital of enterprises. In the survey, the factory directors (managers) of Haiyuan, Meiya and Xunhua Jinyang enterprises reported that the difficulty of loan and financing seriously restricted the development of private small enterprises. They hope that the government can further coordinate the relationship between banks and enterprises, give appropriate support to small enterprises when implementing poverty alleviation funds, and give certain financial help to enterprises when expanding production, technological transformation, personnel training and developing cooperative processing points for hand-woven carpets.
(D) production management is not perfect, and technical training and other support systems are lagging behind.
First of all, the acquisition and production of different quality and types of wool can not guarantee the quality of raw materials, thus reducing the utilization rate of high-quality wool and increasing the cost of raw materials; Second, the technical training and tracking services for carpet weaving farmers are not in place, which affects the improvement of the quality of Tibetan carpets.
The fifth is to build an industrial system to realize the sustainable development of Tibetan carpet industry in Qinghai.
The development of Tibetan carpet industry in Qinghai province has the advantages of raw material resources, labor resources, scientific research innovation and policy support. At the same time, Qinghai has a profound national culture, and Ta 'er Temple, a holy place of Tibetan Buddhism, is world-famous, which can provide an inexhaustible source for continuously improving the cultural added value and artistic level of Tibetan carpets. However, modern industry is a complex organic system, and the internal elements and external supporting conditions of the system interact to form a complete social production system. The development practice of modern industrial economy proves that industrial agglomeration is the basic element to improve industrial competitiveness. Through the integration of superior resources within the industrial system and the improvement of specialization, we can achieve significant advantages such as reducing production costs, improving production efficiency, accelerating innovation speed, enhancing innovation ability and industrial attraction and expansion ability, thus improving the economic competitiveness of the whole region (industry). Therefore, in the process of global economic integration, the economic competitiveness of a country or region depends on the competitiveness of its industrial clusters, and industrial clusters have become the source of competitive advantages of a country or region. Tibetan carpet industry, as a characteristic advantage industry cultivated and supported by Qinghai Province, has a good development momentum and market prospect. In order to realize the sustainable development of Tibetan carpet industry in Qinghai, we must respect the law of industrial development, improve the industrial chain, build the industrial system and cultivate the internal mechanism of its own sustainable development.
(A) the construction of industrial sustainable development system
According to the law of regional layout, specialized management, market linkage, social cooperation and the logical relationship between internal and external factors of the industrial system, three supporting systems of the sustainable development system of Tibetan carpet industry are constructed (see the table below).
Systematic Framework of Sustainable Development of Tibetan Carpet Industry in Qinghai
Industrial survival support system, industrial development support system and industrial environment support system.
Production factors subsystem, demand subsystem, management subsystem, related industries subsystem, industrial policy subsystem, financial support subsystem, technical support subsystem, intellectual support subsystem, competitive environment subsystem, social environment subsystem and ecological environment subsystem.
1, industrial survival support system. The system includes four subsystems: production factors, demand situation, management and related industries, which are the four factors that determine the survival of industries. According to the argument of industrial economics, the first condition of industrial survival lies in the availability of key production factors (such as raw materials and labor), because the occurrence and combination of industrial production factors not only determine the development cost of the industry, but also affect the competitiveness of the industry, which is an essential basic factor for industrial survival and development; Market demand is the fundamental factor that determines whether the industry can survive and the life cycle of the products and services it provides, and it is also the key factor that determines the competitiveness of the industry in the market. With the increasingly fierce competition in modern industries, the specialization of internal production and the refinement of division of labor have improved, the relevance of related industries outside the industry has increased, and the multiplier effect is obvious. Therefore, in order to survive in the fierce market competition, the Tibetan carpet industry in Qinghai Province must have scientific management and research and coordination of related industries in addition to a certain resource base and market demand.
2. Industrial development support system. It refers to the important external support conditions related to the healthy development of industry, is an important decisive factor for the healthy development of industry, and is based on the industrial survival support system, which can ensure the real survival of industry. The system includes four subsystems: industrial policy, financial support, technical support and intellectual support. On the one hand, industrial economic behavior, as an intermediate chain connecting the macroeconomic system of the national economy with the microeconomic behaviors of enterprises and consumers, is the intermediate level of implementing the government's macroeconomic goals and controlling the microeconomic behaviors of enterprises; On the other hand, modern industry, as an economic and social complex, is bound to be influenced by national macroeconomic objectives, industrial development planning and related industrial development policies. The influence of the government on the industry is mainly manifested in the channels and intensity of capital investment, technical support and intellectual support of relevant talents. These are undoubtedly important conditions for industrial development. In the process of developing industry and building "China Tibetan Carpet Capital", the supporting system for industrial development should also meet the following conditions with cultural connotations: a complete production, supply and marketing system and a world-famous carpet brand; International carpet exhibition of world famous brands; Carpet Museum in China; Central Asia Carpet Production "Central Asia Carpet Promotion Association" established by the United Nations; Tibetan cultural tourism festival combined with the development of carpet industry in Qinghai.
3. Industrial environment support system. It mainly refers to the external environmental factors that affect industrial development, and the system includes three subsystems: competitive environment, social environment and ecological environment. Among them, the most direct factor is the competitive environment subsystem of the industry. Modern industry is a highly interrelated enterprise system. Every step of its development is influenced and restricted by various internal and external factors, and it is both competitive and cooperative in the mutual restriction of various factors. The continuous deterioration of the ecological environment is an unavoidable reality for any industrial development, and animal husbandry is a weak industry completely controlled by the ecological environment. Tibetan carpet industry, with livestock products as the main raw material source, must attach importance to the relationship with the surrounding environment, actively advocate the concept of energy saving and clean production in the production process of enterprises, and make due contributions to protecting the regional ecological environment.
(2) Some suggestions on the sustainable development of Tibetan carpet industry in Qinghai.
1, increase the production scale of high-quality "Xining wool" raw materials. We will develop the raw material bases of Xining wool, Qaidam cashmere and yak hair Tibetan carpet in areas with suitable conditions, strengthen the cooperation between farmers and herdsmen and Tibetan sheep group, and take the road of "company+base+farmers" to achieve "win-win" between enterprises and farmers and herdsmen.
2. Strengthen the research and development of Tibetan carpet industry. At present, the R&D capability of Tibetan carpet industry in Qinghai is in a leading position in China. With the continuous acceleration of informatization and economic globalization, the shelf life of R&D superior products is obviously shortened. Therefore, in order to be in an invincible position in the fierce competition market, we must constantly strengthen the R&D capability of enterprises, combine the introduction with R&D, enhance the industrial development potential and improve the market competitiveness of products.
3. Actively promote the industrialization of Tibetan carpets. Relying on the leading enterprises of Tibetan carpets, give full play to their advantages in management, production technology and sales channels, and form a production mode of "three unification and one dispersion" with unified standards, unified technology and unified sales, and further subdivide the production links of Tibetan carpets according to the principle of lowest cost, prolong the industrial chain and improve the added value of products. At the same time, we should do a good job in development planning, prevent rushing headlong into action, take the development road with moderate scale and optimal benefits, and strive to win the initiative in the fierce market competition.
4, increase the technical training of employees and professional and technical personnel training. The technical proficiency of Tibetan carpet employees is directly related to the quality of products, which will directly affect the product reputation and even economic benefits of enterprises. Therefore, in the system of industrial sustainable development, farmers' technology has become an important supporting condition for the industry. We must strengthen training and improve their production skills to ensure product quality and realize specialization, scale and standardization of Tibetan carpet production. At the same time, the combination of introduction (employment), dispatch (entrustment and substitute training) and internal counseling will lay a talent foundation for enterprises to operate independently as soon as possible. Enterprise leaders should encourage employees to learn, improve their professional level, reward those employees who learn business, think about problems and contribute to the enterprise through self-study, and create an environment for talents to play their special skills.
5. Use international rules to protect brands. The mark of origin plays an important role in international trade, and all countries in the world regard it as an important means to safeguard national economic interests and an important embodiment of technical barriers. Qinghai Tibetan carpet enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad. Actively implementing the certification of origin marks of famous and special products is extremely beneficial for Qinghai Tibetan carpets to enjoy GSP tariff treatment for a long time and effectively protect local brands.
6. Actively explore investment channels. It is necessary to make full use of poverty alleviation funds, industrial funds, social funds and other funds to form a diversified investment body and provide financial support for making the Tibetan carpet industry bigger and stronger.