(a) Chongzhen acceded to the throne, the integrity of the country at home and abroad, the loess plateau farmers rebelled by millions, Manchuria fighters outside, eyeing, mountains and rivers left out, smoke everywhere. He is decisive and resolute, such as dealing with the eunuch case, but he is also cautious, suspicious and indecisive, such as being busy first or settling down first, and has been undecided, so he missed the country; There is a cruel and heartless side, and there is also a soft-hearted side. After weeks, they respect and love each other. He has strong self-control, does not care about dogs and horses, is not good at women, and lives a simple life; He also often seeks the opinions of the left and right factions, but he is willful and can't be open-minded about what can be taught; He is familiar with people such as Yuan Chonghuan, Yang Sichang and Hong Chengchou. They were obedient and had a good time when they were appointed. Once enemies are turned against each other, they are cruel and ruthless, and they are killed endlessly, which leads to the incompetence of employing people, and Chongzhen faces a situation of fifty phases. He sympathizes with the sufferings of the Lebanese people and often writes a letter to himself, but he plunders the people's ointment and sends too many people to put them in trouble; He made great efforts to govern, often asked about political gains and losses, and discussed with his aides the way to rise and fall. He observes politics and does everything himself. He wants to be the master of ZTE, but he is eager to seek treatment, and he blames me for being too sudden and making people panic. It is often said that he has no humanity and eventually becomes lonely. As for the martyrdom in Jingshan Park, he was the only eunuch of the deceased.

(2) According to some historians, Chongzhen was the most diligent emperor in China. According to historical records, he was in his twenties, with white hair and long crow's feet, which can be said to be a snack. Historical records call it "cock crow, sleepless nights, constant overwork, no feast in the palace".

During the Chongzhen period, for the late Jin Dynasty, ministers were divided into the main battle and two factions. Chongzhen used the hawkish Yuan Chonghuan in employing people. The civilian clique made the military generals return to their families, and several large-scale military activities against the late Jin Dynasty failed, weakening the military strength of the Ming Dynasty, and finally failing to suppress the peasant army uprising, which indirectly accelerated the demise of the Ming Dynasty.

The once powerful Ming empire has been in turmoil, and the two factions are fighting with each other, but it is difficult to find useful people, and it is also difficult to find useful people. At the beginning of Chongzhen's accession to the throne, with the help of the civilian group, the eunuch party in Wei Zhongxian was eliminated, which indirectly promoted the expansion of the rights of the civilian group.

The relationship between Chongzhen and courtiers can be said to be the most embarrassing and bizarre period in history-mutual hatred, interdependence and mutual use. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, in addition to suppressing the peasant army and resisting the late Jin Dynasty, it devoted itself to weakening the power of civilian groups and achieved certain results.

In The Rogue Biography of the Ming Dynasty, Chongzhen commented like this: Alas! Zhuang Lie was not the king of national subjugation, but he lacked the skill of saving the country when he was fortunate in national subjugation. He was in a state of anxiety and confusion, and in the last ten years, he survived seven years. But the curtain is not good, the plan is flat, and there are no generals of Li and Guo between the lines. The pawn caused the subversion of the Zongshe. He died and mourned!

(3) Ming Sizong was a universally sympathized emperor, and Li Zicheng's imperial edict of Deng Ji also said that "Jun is not very dark (Emperor Chongzhen is not too bad), isolated and has many stoves (even if isolated, he can do many good things for the people's country and crack down on corrupt officials); I am not as loyal as the party. " Sizong's personality is quite complicated. Wei Zhongxian was excluded, and Chongzhen showed great wit. As scholars have said, "in the four cases, wit and stupidity, boldness and stubbornness, cleverness and faintness are all", and Ming Shi said that he was "suspicious and awaiting trial, so he was righteous but still angry. Any inspection is harsh and ungrateful. If you are still angry, you will lose your head. " Compared with Zongshen, Xizong in the previous dynasty and even most emperors in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the four cases have much stronger sense of responsibility and ambition to save the country, so historians generally sympathize with the four cases and think that the life of Emperor Chongzhen is "a tragedy of national subjugation that is not the king of national subjugation". The evaluation of the four cases in Ming History is: "After the emperor inherited God and Xi, he was full of hope. At the beginning of his reign, Ji Shen acted arbitrarily, seeking peace in the world. It's a pity that the tide has gone, and it's hard to get used to it. Controversy in court. Territory will be arrogant and lazy. The shortage of soldiers has been reported four times, and the bandits have dispersed. Unfortunately, it will fester and cannot be saved. However, he has been in office for more than 17 years, and has been quietly, worried about encouragement, and managed with heart. When you sighed in the imperial court, you thought very well, but it was good to use bandits. It is because I trust eunuchs, attach importance to important places, act improperly and form a good party. It's not because of luck, you just moved and changed your body. In the end, the evil spirit was swept away, and the emperor had to build a mausoleum generously. If it is true, the sacred dynasty will flourish. The more eternal it is, the more it can know the suffering of the emperor without humiliating him, which is a righteous death for the country. "Historian Meng Sen said:" Before Wanli, you were not the king of national subjugation; After the apocalypse, you will die! ".Although the four cases had the heart of governing the country, they did not have a good prescription for governing the country, which led to the tragedy of national subjugation, and it was not necessarily without fault. Meng Sen also said that four cases were "too harsh for their own use, too ignorant of others" and "too unsympathetic to the people". The lack of staff, excessive suspicion and strict management of the four cases, known in history as "Fifty Phases of Chongzhen" (in the seventeenth year of his reign, fifty cabinet Jinshi and records were replaced), accelerated the demise of the Ming Dynasty. Sizong's personality is quite complicated. Besides Wei Zhongxian, Chongzhen is more witty, but he is quite stupid on Yuan Chonghuan. Yuan Chonghuan, like a madman, told Chongzhen to recover Liaodong within five years. Chongzhen is crazy, too, and really believes it. It was not until a year later that Yuan Chonghuan finally paid a heavy price for his boasting. As the scholar said, "in four cases, wit and stupidity, boldness and stubbornness, cleverness and unconsciousness are both." Historians generally sympathize with the four cases and think that the life of Emperor Chongzhen is really "a tragedy of national subjugation that is not the monarch of national subjugation".

In order to suppress hooligans, Ming Sizong first used Yang He as the master, then Hong Chengchou, then Cao Wenzhao, then Chen Qiyu, then Hong Chengchou, then Lu Xiangsheng, then Yang Sichang, then Xiong Wencan and then Yang Sichang. Except for Yang He and Xiong Wencan, they are all famous people who shocked the world and are very famous in China. Due to successive years of famine, farmers rebelled, wildfires started a prairie fire, which burned all the land in China, and the late Jin Dynasty invaded the frontier constantly, which led to the surge of military expenditure, but the tax revenue could not keep up. All this led to the continuous increase of taxes in Chongzhen, and even people called him "re-levy" instead of "Chongzhen".

Although Ming Sizong hoped that the Ming Dynasty would usher in a "revival" in his hands, it was difficult to return to the accumulation of past dynasties. At that time, the world was hungry, the epidemic was great, the local people rebelled constantly, and Huang Taiji in the north continued to attack. In addition, Ming Sizong was eager to seek treatment, suspicious and headstrong, so he repeatedly made big mistakes in court affairs: he eliminated autocratic eunuchs in the early stage and reused eunuchs in the later stage; Under the touting of many ministers, Chongzhen overestimated Yuan Chonghuan, mistakenly believed Yuan Chonghuan's boasting of "recovering Liao in five years", and built the Ningjin defense line with the strength of dumping the country. As a result, the late Jin bypassed Mongolia, and the Ming Dynasty faced a catastrophe.

(4) Gan Long personally revised "The Pirate Biography of Ming Taizu", saying: "Zhuang Lie succeeded to the throne, courtiers and party bureaus, grassland material resources dried up, national laws and regulations were destroyed, and border looting was fierce. Although Zhuang Lie is keen to start over, he only manages nuclear affairs in name. However, whether talents are talented or not, the right and wrong, the gains and losses of political affairs, and the success or failure of military aircraft are not seen at home and will not waver outside. Suspicious and allowed to check, so rigid and angry. Any inspection is harsh and ungrateful, and you will lose your head when you get angry. Thieves and thieves are everywhere, and those who appoint political leaders are either mediocre or clumsy, suppressing both ends and achieving nothing. Ministers at home and abroad have saved lives and refused to give them. People who speak directly and to the point will be eliminated. He was appointed as a handsome man, with great power and great merits. The loser will kill a general, and the city will kill an official. Reward and punishment are too clear, punishment is not allowed, and management is too strict. Natural disasters are prevalent, hunger is rampant, politics is complicated and external rebellion is rampant. For example, a person's body is full of vitality, gangrene is toxic, and syncope is already very dangerous, but the doctor is good, the medicine is hot and cold, and he is terminally ill, but he can't save it. Why not die? It is Ming Wu, and it dies by thieves, and the root of its death is not thieves. Oh! Zhuang Lie was not the king of national subjugation, but he lacked the skill of saving the country when he was fortunate in national subjugation. He was in a state of anxiety and confusion, and in the last ten years, he survived seven years. But I didn't listen to the peace plan, and I didn't see the generals of Li and Guo between the lines. I am dead, subverting the Zongshe, I am a martyr! "

(5) The Ming History compiled by the Qing Dynasty still admits that he is conscientious and diligent. Chongzhen's life is full of tragedies. He has a strong political skill, careful thinking, decisive and capable, and full of energy. He has almost all the characteristics of a wise king in history: the merits and demerits of Chongzhen are controversial, and he is one of the most tragic emperors in China history. The word "powerless" can sum up Chongzhen's life.

(6) However, we can't ignore the characteristics of Emperor Chongzhen, such as indiscriminate killing, paranoia, greed, tyranny and fatuity. Although Wei Zhongxian Party was wiped out soon after he ascended the throne, it still showed its heroic side. However, in the following ten years' ruling career, its cabinet members changed like a merry-go-round, and the minister of war and the overseer were repeatedly denounced and even killed unjustly. The rest of the ministers are on tenterhooks all day, and Zhu Youjian's indiscriminate killing and paranoia are obvious. However, the situation of factional struggle in Chongzhen of Ming Dynasty has not been improved, and its performance in the campaign to destroy Wei is fatuous. At the same time, although Zhu Youjian has repeatedly committed crimes, exorbitant taxes and levies have emerged one after another, and people are in dire straits. Many peasant uprisings in the late Ming Dynasty were also the most serious consequence of his greedy tyranny. Coupled with the repeated defeats in Liaodong War, there was no suggestion for Queen Zhou to move the capital, and the last chance was lost. However, the appeal of the royal family in Zhu Ming under the background of Manchu Dynasty should not be underestimated. Therefore, despite his hard work, Zhu Youjian made many mistakes. Not only is it impossible for him to revive the Ming Empire, but it is almost certain to perish.