Introduction: In this sand table simulation experiment, the government leaders put forward macroeconomic policies, taking CPI, GDP, unemployment rate, total personal income and fiscal deficit as economic measurement indicators, and at the same time decided the current government performance.

1. Introduction to the training

Eight companies, namely Iron and Steel Company A and B, Automobile Company A and B, and Household Appliances Company A, B, C and D, conduct market operation under the leadership of the government, and take the annual profit and loss situation as the measure of enterprise operation.

the initial state of the company: a production line with a value of 1 million yuan, cash of 145 million yuan, 2, tons of steel with a value of 1 million yuan, 2-year receivables of 5 million yuan, 2-year loans of 4 million yuan (interest rate of 6%), 3-year loans of 6 million yuan (interest rate of 6%), advance payment of .5 million tons of steel scheduled last year of 35 million yuan, and spot purchase last year.

Division of duties of the Company: General Manager: Wei Jiahong, Production Director: Wendy Wang, Financial Director: Wang Xi, Marketing Director: Wang Mei, Assistant to General Manager: Wang Xueting

Deputy Financial Director: Wang Mingxiang

II. Macroeconomic policy analysis (third year)

1. Economic indicators of last year

2. Economic environment this year

When the current government took over from the previous government, due to the expansionary fiscal policy implemented by the previous government, enterprises made irrational pricing, which led to a decrease in CPI, a decrease in corporate income, a decline in GDP, a depressed economic situation and a decrease in the total government loanable funds. In order to avoid the fiscal deficit, the current government decided not to increase government purchases. Last year's fiscal deficit:

Estimated total loanable funds (ten thousand): 26,72 Estimated total domestic consumption (ten thousand): 73,469 spot price of imported steel (ten thousand yuan/ten thousand tons): 7,3 futures price of imported steel (ten thousand yuan/ten thousand tons): 6,8 highest sales price of automobiles (ten thousand yuan/vehicle): 15.5 highest sales price of home appliances (ten thousand yuan) : 19

III. Comparison of economic indicators

IV. Economic measures of the current government

1. Tight monetary policy

In the second year of government implementation, the actual CPI was -3.28%, and we predicted that the CPI index of the market would rise, which was set at 1%, and there would be inflation risks. In order to stabilize prices, we decided to raise the loan interest rate and adjust it.

2. Expanded fiscal policy

We reduce the value-added tax to 16% and the income tax to 21%, which can stimulate enterprises to expand production and achieve the purpose of increasing the growth of gross national product. Government subsidies remain unchanged from last year.

3. Land Auction

According to the tight monetary policy and the expanding fiscal policy, enterprises will expand production, which will increase the demand for land, so the land supply will be increased by 3 mu. 4. Wage

According to the labor supply curve, people will value their leisure time more when wages increase to a certain extent. Therefore, when wages reach a certain height and continue to increase, people's quantity of labor supply will fall instead of increase, because the minimum wage is rising from the first year to the second year, so the wage in the second year is likely to be the turning point of the curve, so wages will not be changed.

v. Analysis of the completion of economic indicators this year and the reasons why they have not been achieved

1. Completion of economic indicators this year

After one year in power, our government has basically achieved only the CPI growth rate, and the other three points: GDP growth rate, unemployment rate and total personal income growth rate are far from being achieved.

2. Reasons for not reaching

(1) Reasons for the decrease of GDP

This year, government purchases were , which did not stimulate the growth of GDP; The government's income tax has dropped to 21%, but the unemployment rate has increased by 2.53%, personal income has decreased, and inflation has reduced personal consumption and GDP. In the third year, the lowest interest rate set by the government was 6%, and the high interest rate kept the enterprises from expanding their production scale, so the 3 mu of land provided by the government was not rented. (2) Reasons for the increase of unemployment rate

The minimum wage of the labor force this year is consistent with that of 9, yuan in the previous year, and the average wage of each enterprise is 98,75 yuan, which is relatively lower than that of the previous year. Because? Price rigidity? Leading to an increase in unemployment. (3) Reasons for the decrease of personal income < P > The unemployment rate this year increased by 2.53% compared with the previous year; In the third year, the average wage of each enterprise was 98,75 yuan, while in the second year, the average wage of each enterprise was 12, yuan, and this year's wage level dropped significantly. The rise of unemployment rate and the decline of wage level lead to the decrease of personal income.

VI. Policy gains this year and policy suggestions for the next government

During the current government's administration, there are still many shortcomings, and we have made the following analysis and suggestions:

1. How to stabilize CPI

The average price increase of CPI index this year has actually reached 1.87%, and the macro target of CPI index predicted by this government has basically been achieved. It is suggested that the next government should adjust government expenditure appropriately and raise the minimum wage to stabilize the CPI index.

2. How to improve GDP

The current government adopts loose fiscal and monetary policies. Government purchase is zero; Government income tax drops but personal income drops; Inflation reduces residents' consumption; Enterprises did not expand the scale of production, which led to a decline in GDP. It is suggested that the next government should adopt a loose monetary policy to reduce interest rates and stimulate enterprises to expand production scale, and a loose fiscal policy to increase government purchases (such as issuing government bonds) and reduce value-added tax and income tax.

3. How to reduce the unemployment rate

The minimum wage level this year is still 9, yuan, and at the same time, all enterprises have reduced their wages, and the unemployment rate has increased this year due to price rigidity. It is suggested that the next government raise the minimum wage to stimulate enterprise production. While increasing GDP, we will increase the demand for labor and increase employment by increasing production.

4. How to improve the per capita total income

The increase of unemployment rate in the previous year, the decline of average wages of enterprises led to the decline of personal income. It is suggested that the next government raise the minimum wage and encourage enterprises to invest more in advertising fees and management fees.

5. Summarize the government's proposal

to reduce the interest rate to 5%, increase government purchases, keep the value-added tax unchanged, reduce the income tax to 15%, keep the government subsidy rate unchanged at 6%, and raise the minimum wage to 1, yuan.

3. Microeconomic analysis (taking the second year as an example)

1. Government's macro policy

2. Household appliance market demand

According to the labor force and output invested by household appliance enterprises, the output curve of household appliance manufacturers can be obtained:

y =-.85x 2+7.4235x-219.99

. Demand curve

Factors that affect the demand curve of household appliances: income, consumer preference, expectation, prices of related commodities, number of buyers, etc. From the demand curve, the demand curve is inclined to the lower right, that is, demand and price change in opposite directions, and the higher the price, the less the demand.

　ed=?

　? QP

　? =1.27 according to the price and demand, the price arc elasticity of household appliances demand is 1.27, ed >; Therefore, household appliances are flexible, that is, the demand is sensitive to price changes. And for ed> 1 flexible goods, reducing the price will increase the sales income of manufacturers, so home appliance manufacturers should implement price reduction measures.

(2) the impact of advertising fees on the total demand of household appliances

As can be seen from the chart, what is the investment of advertising fees by household appliance manufacturers? Demand is a curve inclined to the upper right, showing a positive correlation, that is, the more advertising expenses are invested, the greater the total demand for household appliances.

(3) the influence of government subsidies on the total demand of household appliances

government subsidies? The demand curve is a curve inclined to the upper right, which shows that government subsidies are positively related to the total demand of household appliances, that is, the more government subsidies, the greater the total demand of household appliances. Second, the equal output curve

In the case of the same technical level, to achieve a certain household appliance output, the influencing factors are: the number of labor, the increase of overtime wages, and the expansion of production line scale

Third, the cost of household appliance manufacturers

Product costs can be divided into fixed costs and variable costs. The fixed costs are management fees, land and workshop rents, and

interest. The variable costs are composed of wages, raw material costs, and variable costs. In order to get the maximum profit, enterprises must reduce the cost, and the fixed cost is stable, so the total cost should be reduced by reducing the variable cost, such as salary and raw material cost.

(1) Labor force

According to wages and the total supply of labor force, the following curve can be drawn

From the wages of labor force? As can be seen from the supply curve, it is a curve inclined to the upper right, indicating that wages are positively correlated with the total supply of labor, that is, the higher the wages, the greater the total supply of labor.

However, the cost of enterprises that raise wages will also increase accordingly, so it is necessary to find a balance point, so that enterprises can not only recruit workers needed for production, but also make enterprises not increase redundant variable costs.

This requires enterprises to accurately figure out how much labor is needed to produce the corresponding output, and then quote the corresponding wage pricing to bid for enough labor.

the following labor force can be obtained from the relevant data of our enterprise? Output curve

Under the condition that the technical level remains unchanged, with the increase of the labor force, the output of household appliances will increase in a certain proportion, but the range of output growth, that is, marginal product will increase first and then decrease with the increase of the labor force. According to the market demand curve, the enterprise roughly obtains the change of demand, thus setting the production quantity and obtaining the required labor force according to the production quantity.

However, the marginal product of the labor force is decreasing. After increasing the labor force to a certain extent, the income brought by marginal product is far less than the increased cost of increasing the labor force. Therefore, in this case, we can choose to pay overtime or increase a productivity to obtain greater output.

(2) the variable cost of household appliances (assuming that the labor wage is 12, and the steel price is 65 million/ton)

4. Analysis of capital bidding

1. Government interest rate and corporate loan ceiling: the government interest rate is 5% this year, and the interest rate was 6% last year, down by 1%, and the company's loan ceiling is 815 million yuan.

2. The planned capital demand of the company: 174 million yuan (the planned investment in advertising is 6 million yuan+salary is 19 million yuan+7 million yuan+steel+interest is 18 million yuan+government management fee is 2 million yuan+storage fee is 1 yuan+repayment due is 4 million yuan) 3. The existing capital is 242 million yuan. The company's decision is to draw up a loan of 1 million yuan. The interest rate is 5%. 4. Bidding result: the company obtained a loan of 1 million yuan at the interest rate of 5%

5. Analysis of decision-making mistakes: the advertising fee is too high, the advertising effect is overestimated, and the product price is too high, which leads to the reduction of orders.

v. Analysis of short-term cost curve and production curve

According to the short-term total output curve, production is in the first stage, and the output increases with the increase of labor force, so it is suggested to increase the input of labor force to push production into the second stage. According to the total cost curve, the total cost is increasing with the increase of output. Due to the law of diminishing marginal returns, the marginal cost will become larger and larger after marginal product enters the declining stage, and the scale should be adjusted to reduce the cost.

VI. Market structure

I. Perfect competition (the first year)

1. Conditions for a perfectly competitive market

First, there are a large number of buyers and sellers in the market.

second, the goods provided by every manufacturer in the market are completely homogeneous. Third, all resources are completely mobile. Fourth, the information is complete.

As one of the four major home appliance companies in the market, our company was in a state of complete competition in the first year of simulation. In this state, the situation of all home appliance companies is the same, and there is no competition between them, whether it is loans, raw materials, prepayments or product prices.

2. Background

In the first year, the whole market was in a state of complete competition. Take four home appliance companies as an example. Because the market has the same pricing in terms of product prices, advertising fees, wages, etc., there is no competition among the four home appliance companies, and all four companies can only get an average profit of 12 million.

3. The demand curve of perfectly competitive manufacturers

2. Incomplete competition (the second, third and fourth years)

1. Formation background

Since the second year, the government has been implementing expansionary fiscal and monetary policies, thus objectively reducing the production costs of enterprises. However, because the whole market is in a state of imperfect competition, the competition between industries is becoming more and more fierce. Take the home appliance industry as an example. Home appliance companies have been monopolizing the competitive market since the second year. In this state, each company separately applies for loans, books steel products, quotes product prices and pricing advertising fees, and obtains corresponding orders here. At the same time, each company decides whether to add land, purchase and sale of production lines, the number of workers and the formulation of wages, which together determine the company's final profit.

2. Monopolistic competition

A monopolistic competition market is a market organization in which many manufacturers produce and sell different products of the same kind. In this state of the market, the products of various home appliance companies are different, and the cost curve and demand curve between companies are different, so are their profits.

3. demand table and curve of monopoly competitors

4. short-term equilibrium of monopoly competitors

in the short term, monopoly competitors realize the equilibrium condition of MR=SMC by adjusting the output and price under the existing production scale. Take the home appliance company as an example, the variable cost (salary+raw material cost) of the home appliance company:

Take the third year of the company as an example (the unit price of pulling power is 1,, and the unit price of steel is 67 million): when the single-line output is 12, units, 28 workers are needed, the labor salary is 28 million, and the procurement cost of steel is 89 million, which is 1 * *.