The description of the zoo in the Standard for Basic Terms of Gardens (CJJ/T9 1-2002) states: "3. 1.4 Zoo refers to an independent zoo. The "animal corner" attached to the park does not belong to the zoo. Ordinary animal farms and animal activity places belonging to circuses do not belong to zoos. Zoos include city zoos and wildlife parks. "
According to the Classification Standard of Urban Green Space (CJJ/T 85— 2002), the number of this zoo is G 132, which belongs to the special park (G 1 3) among the park green spaces (G1). As of 2006, China Zoo Association has 2 12 member units. The earliest establishment in history was Beijing Zoo, and 2006 was the100th anniversary of its establishment. The development of China Zoo has also experienced nearly 100 years.
When was the zoo built?
The construction of China Zoo was a climax in 1950s, accounting for about 34% of the total number of zoos, and the number of zoos established in 1960s and 1970s also accounted for 24%. Together with the zoos built before 1950s, the proportion of * * * in the three parts is 66%, and the proportion in the old zoos is relatively high. In the 1990s, zoos accounted for 2 1%, most of which were wild zoos. The actual data should be slightly higher than the statistical data.
Number of zoos of various types
There are different types of zoos, which are traditionally divided into three categories: zoos, gardens and animal exhibition areas. There are also some animal breeding research institutions and other types, which are included in the "other" category, accounting for only a small proportion. Gardens in the park account for the highest proportion, accounting for 55%, and zoos account for 29%. Most of the parks in the park are located in some small and medium-sized cities, which have the widest radiation to the public, so the parks in the park play an important role in the development of the whole zoo.
System type
Zoo is a public welfare undertaking, which determines that most of this undertaking is built by the government, and other institutional forms also exist. Among them, wild zoos are basically enterprises or joint-stock systems, and many newly built or relocated city zoos have also been restructured into enterprises, and contracting is more common in gardens.
Number of visitors to the zoo
Regarding the number of visitors to the zoo, Figure 4 is the statistical result. What needs special explanation here is that the main reason for the decline in 2003 was "SARS". Although the number of tourists in 200 1 and 2002 decreased slightly, they were close, and the decline in 2003 led to an increase in the number of "falling". The number of visitors to the zoo is relatively stable. In the future, if we provide better services for these tourists and increase the rate of returning, the number of tourists can continue to increase. The number of student tourists in China accounts for about 17% of the total in the whole year, and this number should probably increase. The core of wildlife management lies in the management of wildlife. The State Forestry Administration recognizes its legality by issuing wildlife breeding licenses. The national first-class protected animal feeding license is issued by the State Forestry Administration, and the national second-class protected animal feeding license is issued by the Provincial Forestry Department. All wildlife parks have wildlife feeding licenses issued by forestry agencies at all levels.
Most safari parks are inextricably linked with the forestry department in terms of assets. For example, Daxing Wildlife Park was established on the basis of the Endangered Animals Rescue Center of the former Ministry of Forestry. Provincial forestry departments have set up wildlife rescue centers. However, because wildlife rescue needs a lot of money, these rescue centers have to think about new ways to solve the funding problem, so they consider establishing a wildlife park. In foreign countries, the rescue of these wild animals is generally done by zoos. However, because the forestry department believes that animal resources cannot flow out, a large number of rescue centers have been set up. Land is another big support that forestry department can provide to wildlife parks. According to the provisions of the national forest law, the construction of facilities related to forestry protection by forestry departments on forest land does not count as changing the use of forest land. Using this regulation, a large number of woodlands without land certificates can be used by operational wildlife parks. Because the national forestry department is the competent department of wildlife, wildlife parks closely related to it are easy to get wild animals, while urban zoos are difficult to get wild animals, which are basically obtained by exchanging protozoa with other zoos.
In addition to the interest disputes caused by two different authorities, the huge conflict between urban zoos and wildlife parks is the worldwide difference in their operating concepts. "Now is the era of market economy, who will rely on the state to wait for food and drink? We also engage in popular science education and carry out many scientific research activities. Animal breeding and breeding technology has reached the world advanced level. " The operators of safari parks believe that safari parks, as enterprises, should realize their own profits, but enterprises can also do social welfare undertakings.
However, the defenders of the city zoo believe that the zoo is a public welfare undertaking, and its normal development will be distorted for the purpose of profit. The zoo has four functions: ex situ wildlife protection, scientific research, popular science education and recreation. The ultimate goal of wildlife protection is to return wildlife to nature. As an enterprise, it is impossible to engage in research work, purely for the purpose of maximizing corporate profits, and the ticket price is too high, which makes it lose the nature of being open to the public. Whether its large-scale construction conforms to the national industrial construction policy and the national wildlife protection policy remains to be discussed. Since the construction of zoos all over the country in 1950s, some zoos have been relocated because of their small scale. However, after the 1990s, there began to be an upsurge of relocating zoos, the main purpose of which was to promote the development of tourism, not for the development of zoos.
Commercial development of moving zoo
According to the information provided by China Zoo Association, in 2004, under the policy of "making way for urban construction", at least 16 urban zoos were in the state of relocation, relocation and new site construction.
In the name of resource integration, the operation mode of changing the nature of zoos is widely imitated. Although the zoo is a public welfare cultural institution, it is in a multi-head leadership state under the traditional system. The superior is the territorial government first, then the park management belongs to the Ministry of Construction, the animal resources management belongs to the General Administration of Forestry, and its own scientific research and popular science functions are under the guidance of the Science and Technology Commission. Therefore, the zoo has the nature of cultural facilities, but it has never been included in the scope of cultural undertakings management, nor can it appear in cultural construction planning.
In recent years, the function of the Ministry of Construction in charge of parks has been weakened, while the function of the forestry system in charge of animal resources has been strengthened. Approved by the forestry system, there were more than 30 "wild zoos" in China in recent 10 years, the number of which was three times that of the United States and six times that of Japan. It is precisely because of the explosive appearance of market products and corporate behavior "wild zoo" that the world wildlife market price has doubled internationally, exposing two chronic diseases: malicious investment and loss of the whole industry at home. Wildlife parks are often the product of the combination of government projects and private contracting. They are opening hundreds of millions of bank loans, and they have no willingness and ability to repay at all, which is obviously malicious; A few projects can have a short profiteering period, but they will soon fall into a loss situation. In order to save the struggling wildlife park, the government and forestry departments have turned their attention to public welfare zoos, and "resource integration" has become a model. Beijing Daxing Wildlife Park invested more than 200 million yuan, but the annual average number of tourists was scarce, making ends meet, so it concentrated the consumption resources, brand resources, rare species resources and public welfare fund resources of Beijing Zoo. Wuhan operating zoo and wildlife park merged; Chengdu is a trinity of zoo, panda breeding base and wildlife park. Confusing the relationship between cultural undertakings and cultural industries, the relationship between public property and private property, and the relationship between public welfare and profit-making enterprises are the characteristics of this "resource integration".
So far, zoos in Shenyang, Dalian, Harbin, Xi, Ningbo, Hefei, Urumqi and Xining have been merged into wild zoos (or private zoos). Except for a few cities such as Dalian, all of them have moved out of the city, and the nearest one is more than 20 kilometers. And most of its social welfare nature has been changed. Tickets also range from a few yuan to a dozen yuan, to dozens to hundreds of yuan. However, it turns out that the result of this relocation was a failure: after the relocation of Harbin Zoo, the flow of people dropped from 900,000 to only 90,000 per year, and in recent years, some animals died due to financial problems. Not only Harbin, but also other cities.
Move the zoo and build a park.
Since the relocation of Beijing Zoo in 2004, the Ministry of Construction has issued relevant documents prohibiting the original site of the zoo from changing its public welfare nature after the relocation. In this way, although it is forbidden to move the zoo for commercial development, the reason for moving the zoo has become "increasing urban green space".
Major cities in China have begun to strengthen the construction of urban green space, the most important of which is to increase the park area. The land in the city is so precious that if one more park is built, the commercial development land will be reduced. Therefore, some cities are eyeing the zoo again. With the construction of urban green space, parks in many cities are gradually open for free, and zoos are not free because of the cost of raising animals, so many people think that zoos do not belong to parks. When the zoo moves, the land released can be turned into free parks, which can be called "adding park green space for the city", but it does not actually occupy more construction land in the city. In fact, the zoo is also a part of urban green space and a park. Changing the zoo into a park is equivalent to changing one green space into another. In fact, the area of urban green space has not increased. Moreover, this relocation can only increase the zoo area and animal species, and there is not much progress in conservation education and comprehensive protection. More importantly, after the zoo moves out, its area will definitely expand and the number of animals will also increase, but the government's financial subsidies have not increased simultaneously, and the zoo can only increase the ticket price. For example, the ticket price of Nanchang Zoo was 22 yuan before the relocation, and the system remained unchanged, but it rose to 50 yuan after the relocation. This relocation has greatly weakened the public welfare nature of the zoo. "Polluting the urban environment" and "encroaching on the park green space" is a serious misunderstanding of the zoo and just an excuse to move. The zoo should belong to the urban park green space, but it is used as a tool to develop tourism, which is really putting the cart before the horse.
But it is undeniable that the relocation of the zoo has greatly improved animal welfare. The old zoos built decades ago generally have the problems of aging cages, backward facilities and small exhibition area. The new zoo can greatly improve the living environment of animals. Therefore, from the perspective of improving animal welfare, it is reasonable to relocate the zoo.
Other ways
In addition to the way of moving out, there are also many cities that do not move the zoo, but rebuild the original site. Such as Nanning, Baoding, Suzhou and other cities, are all transformed and expanded with the government's capital investment. Zoos in Shantou, Guilin and other cities are located in the park, and these cities choose other places in the park for renovation. But these are often cities without wild zoos, and some cities have small zoos.
This method of in-situ transformation should be advocated. It can still be developed on the original site of the zoo and should be rebuilt on the original site, which is beneficial to the development of the zoo and does not affect public sightseeing. This is the best policy. However, after many zoos were transformed, the ticket prices increased too much, which led to the gradual commercialization of zoos and weakened the public welfare of zoos.
Zoos established in different periods
(Not completely, zoos in Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province are not included for the time being, excluding wild zoos).
Before the founding of New China, the name of other agricultural experimental fields was changed from Zoo (Wansheng Garden) 1906 experimental field to Beiping Agricultural and Forestry Experimental Institute. Guangzhou Dongyuan Qingdao Xu Park Zoo 19 15 Xu Park1929 was renamed Zhongshan Park in May. Shenyang Wanquanhe Park 19 15 was renamed Wanquan Park after animals were exhibited, 1979 Shenyang Zoo. Shanghai Gujiazhai Park 19 16 was renamed Fuxing Park after animals were exhibited, 1963 Animals moved to Xijiao Park. Shanghai Gisfield Park 19 18 was renamed Fuxing Park after animals were exhibited. 1962 Animals moved to Xijiao Park. Guangzhou Yonghan Park 1928 Nanjing Wuzhou Park "Animal Garden" 1928 Wuzhou Park was renamed Xuanwu Lake Park. Shanghai Zoo 193 1 year Changsha Tianxin Park 1934 Xinjing Zoo and Botanical Garden 1938 Yinchuan Zhongshan Park Zoo in 1930s Xiamen Zhongshan Park Zoo 1 94250s-60s: Name Opening Hours Other Western Suburb Parks in Beijing1. On March 1 950, the former Beiping Agricultural and Forestry Laboratory was renamed as Beiping Agricultural and Forestry Laboratory on February 1949. 1 955 April1renamed Beijing Zoo. Guangzhou People's Park 1950 was formerly Yonghan Park, and 1955 was renamed Guangzhou Zoo. 1956 moved, 1958 opened on New Year's Day. Anshan 2 19 Park 1950 started raising animals and changed its name to Anshan Zoo. Wang Xi Park in Benxi started raising animals on 1950. Wuxi Zoo joined Huihui Park Zoo in the early 1950s. Baoding People's Park1Cao Kun Garden was originally built on June 24th, 952 in 192 1 year. 1995 changed its name to Baoding Zoo. Chengdu Baihuatan Zoo 1953 Harbin Zoo 1954 1 Nanjing Xuanwu Lake Zoo195411998 moved to Hongshan Park and changed its name to Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo. Hefei xiaoyaojin Zoo 1954 1954 Three private zoos, including Siming Zoo near Shanghai Chenghuang Temple, were merged here. Suzhou Zoo 1 954 May1Shanghai Xijiao Park1954 started to raise animals on May 25th of the same year in June. 1 980 65438+1October1renamed Shanghai Zoo. Shantou Zhongshan Park Zoo/KOOC-0/954 Chongqing Zoo/KOOC-0/955 Bao Hua Park/KOOC-0/955 Taiyuan Zoo/KOOC-0/955 Wuxi Xi Hui Park Zoo/KOOC-0/956 It was renamed Wuxi Zoo after New Year's Day. Shijiazhuang People's Park 1956 1983 moved to No.698 Zhongshan West Road, and changed its name to Shijiazhuang Xijiao Zoo Zunyi Park Zoo 1956 Fuzhou Zoo 1956 Zoo formerly known as 1952 West Lake Kaihua Temple Animal Corner. Liuzhou Liu Hou Park Zoo was renamed Liuzhou Zoo after 1956. Dalian Luxun Park 1957 began to exhibit animals, and was renamed Dalian Zoo in September, 1966. Lanzhou Wuquanshan Park Zoo 1957 1992 was separated from Wuquanshan Park to form Lanzhou Zoo. Xi 'an Zoo 1958 was formerly an animal exhibition group established in Xi 'an by Shanghainese Liu Tong on 1954, and 1956 is a public-private partnership. Yangzhou Slender West Lake Park Zoo 1958 Changsha Zoo 1958 Shanghai Basket Park 1959 was renamed Peace Park. From June 5, 2008 to February 2007, these animals were transferred to the newly-built ecological animal island in the park. The first batch of animals in Qianling Mountain Zoo in Guiyang came from 1959 Riverside Park. Huai 'an Fuxing Zoo 1958 Xinhui Zoo 1958 Nanchang People's Park Zoo19591987 was separated from People's Park in February and established Nanchang Zoo. Ningbo Zhongshan Park Animal Corner 1959 Hengyang Yueping Park Animal Corner 1959 1985 was separated from Yueping Park and Hengyang Zoo was established. Qixing Park Zoo1959 In 2009, a new Guilin Zoo was built in Qixing Park. Kunming Tong Yuan Zoo was renamed Kunming Zoo on 1959 1986. Jinniu Park in Jinan1960 May 1 1989 was renamed Jinan Zoo. Xining People's Park Zoo 1960 was renamed Xining Zoo. Hangzhou Garden Administration Zoo 196 1 was formerly three private mobile zoos. After 1958, animals were scattered in places such as Hupao for breeding and exhibition. 70s and 80s: The name of the opening hours zoo was changed from other Jinzhou Beihu Park 1973 to Jinzhou Zoo 200 1. Zhangzhou Zoo/KOOC-0/973 Nanning Zoo/KOOC-0/975 Hangzhou Zoo/KOOC-0/975 Hangzhou Garden Administration Zoo moved to Chengdu Zoo/KOOC-0/976 Baihuatan Zoo moved to Qingdao Zoo/KOOC-0/979 Zhongshan Park Zoo moved out/KOOC-0/989. Shenyang Zoo 1979 Wanquan Park was renamed Shanghai Zoo 1 980 65438+ 1 October1Xijiao Park was renamed Tianjin Zoo1980 65438+1October/KLOC-0. 0982 Xi 'an Zoo In the 1980s, the former Xi 'an Zoo moved out of Xijiao Zoo in Shijiazhuang 1983, and the former People's Park in Shijiazhuang moved into No.698 Zhongshan West Road. In 2004, they moved to Ningbo Zoo in Xiangyang South Street, Luquan, 65438+1 June 19841,and the Luobulinka Animal Farm in Lhasa, 65438+1February 20, 1985, Wuhan Zhongshan Park Zoo moved out of Hengyang Zoo 1985, and set up Nanchang Zoo separately from Yueping Park. 1987 February and People's Park were divided into Changchun Zoo and Botanical Garden1987 September 15, Zhengzhou Zoo1985 June 10, Zijingshan Park, Bishagang Park Animal Corner and People's Park, which were relocated after 90: names before relocation and time after relocation. After relocation, the fares are Shenyang Zoo in the mid-1990s, Li Anlin Zoo at the southern end of Dalian Baiyun Mountain in Qipanshan 1 Xuanwu Lake Zoo in Nanjing, 20 yuan 1998 Hongshan Forest Zoo in Nanjing Hongshan Park Taiyuan Zoo 2003 10/8/Wohushan Park in Taiyuan Zoo1Ningbo Zoo in 0 yuan in February 2004/. Dongqian Lake Tourist Resort Zoo 10 yuan 80 yuan Harbin Zoo 2004 Harbin Northern Forest Zoo 10 yuan Acheng Pigeon Cave, 43 kilometers away from the city, 70 yuan Yangzhou Slender West Lake Park Zoo 2004 Yangzhou Zoo 40 An Zoo in Zhuyuwan Scenic Area, Wantou Town, the northern suburb of Yangzhou February 2004. 8+00 Xi An Qinling Wildlife Park is 28 kilometers away from Xi 'an, 5 yuan 80 yuan Hefei xiaoyaojin Zoo August 30, 2004 Dashushan 25 yuan Weifang People's Park Zoo 2004 Weifang Jinbaoyuan Zoo Weifang Jinbaoyuan Shijiazhuang Zoo June 5438+00, 2004. 1 Shijiazhuang Zoo is away from the urban area 17.5km Luquan Huolu Town Dujiazhuang Village Northwest 50 yuan Urumqi Zoo 2005 Xinjiang Tianshan Wildlife Park is 25km away from the urban area Dabancheng District 10 yuan 35 yuan Zibo People's Park Zoo 2005 Zibo Zoo 20 yuan Zun, Zhangdian District, Zibo. Liuzhou Zoo, Changzheng Town, Honghuagang District, Zunyi City, 8 yuan February 28, 2005 Zunyi Zoo 2005 Liuzhou Zoo Maohe Park in the southern suburbs of Liuzhou City1People's Park Zoo in Xingtai City, 5 yuan June 5438+February 2006 Xingtai Zoo Xingtai County Forest Park Changzhou Hongmei Park Zoo in 2007 Changzhou Yancheng Wildlife Park is far from Changzhou. 8 km Yancheng Benxi Wang Xi Park Zoo July 3, 2007 Japanese Creek Zoo Pingdingshan Fuzhou Zoo May 4, 2008 Fuzhou Zoo Jinan District xindian town Healthy Village Former Bayi Nursery 30 yuan Xining Zoo 2008 10 October Xishan Forest Farm 8 yuan 30 yuan Xinhui Zoo 20 1 0 April 4 Wuxi Zoo in Dou Gu Town has not yet been built 201 April Wuxi Zoo Qianrong Road Changsha Zoo 201September Changsha Ecological Zoo 20 yuan 80 yuan Nanchang Zoo 1288 22 yuan 50 yuan huaian zoo 201September 16 huaian zoo Healthy West Road 198 Liushuwan Ecological Park 15 yuan 30 yuan Linyi Zoo and Botanical Garden 20/kloc.