Truman Doctrine

The guiding principle and expansion plan of the United States seeking world hegemony after the end of World War II. 1947, 12 in March, U.S. President H.S. Truman put forward "containing capitalism" as the guiding ideology of the country's political ideology and foreign policy in his speech on aiding Greece and Turkey. The latter guiding ideology is called Truman Doctrine. The State of the Union address pointed out that the direct reason for aiding Greece and Turkey is that the United States will replace Britain and fill the vacuum in the Eastern Mediterranean. He also pointed out that people's revolutionary movements and national liberation movements in any country "endanger the foundation of international peace and the security of the United States." Declare that the world has split into two hostile camps, one is "totalitarian regime" and the other is "free country", and each country is faced with two different lifestyle choices; Therefore, it is declared that "American policy must be to support those free peoples who are resisting the conquest attempts of armed minorities or external pressure", that is, the United States should undertake the mission of "guardian of the free world" and act as the world gendarmerie. At first, the message expounded the domino theory, and thought that if Greece fell, it would immediately endanger Turkey and the whole Middle East, and its influence would not only affect the East, but also the democratic system in the West. Therefore, he asked Congress to take immediate action to provide 400 million US dollars of military assistance to Greece and Turkey. 1947 On May 22nd, Truman formally signed the aid bill for Greece and Turkey. According to this bill, by 1950, the United States will provide $659 million in aid to Greece and Turkey.

Truman Doctrine is a major turning point in American foreign policy. Together with the Marshall Plan implemented by the United States at that time, it formed the basis of American foreign policy, which marked the end of the Sino-US-Soviet alliance in World War II and the beginning of the Cold War, and also marked the establishment of the world hegemony status of the United States as the largest country after the war. In the following 30 years, Truman Doctrine has been the basic principle of American foreign policy and played a leading role.

Marshall Plan is an American aid plan to Europe after World War II, also known as the European Renaissance Plan. 1On June 5th, 947, US Secretary of State george marshall gave a speech at Harvard University, and put forward a plan to help European economy recover for the first time, hence the name Marshall Plan. He said that at that time, the European economy was on the verge of collapse, food, fuel and other materials were extremely scarce, and the required imports far exceeded its ability to pay. Without a lot of extra aid, we will face a very serious economic, social and political crisis. He called on European countries to take the initiative to formulate economic recovery plans, while the United States assisted European countries with its overproduced materials. 1947 From July to September, representatives of Britain, France, Italy, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Ireland and Iceland met in Paris and decided to accept the Marshall Plan, set up the European Economic Cooperation Committee, and asked the United States to provide it within four years. In April, 1948, the West German occupied area and Trieste Free Zone also announced their acceptance. 1April 3, 948, the US Congress passed the foreign aid bill, and the Marshall Plan was formally implemented. The original duration of the plan is 5 years (from 1948 to 1952). At the end of 195 1, the United States announced an early termination and replaced it with the same security plan. The United States allocated1.31.50 billion dollars to Europe, of which grants accounted for 88% and the rest were loans.

During the implementation of Marshall Plan, the gross national product of western European countries increased by 25%. Marshall Plan is the most successful foreign economic and technical assistance plan of the United States after the war. It laid the foundation for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the establishment of European economic unity, and promoted the union and economic recovery of Western Europe.