Brief introduction of the first world war

World War I (referred to as World War I for short,1965438+August 2004-1965438+June 2008-65438+October 2008 10) was a world war that mainly occurred in Europe but spread all over the world. At that time, most countries in the world were involved in this war.

The process of war is mainly the war between the allies and the allies. Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy are allies, while Britain, France, Russian Empire and Serbia are allies. During the period from 19 14 to 19 18, many countries in Asia, Europe and America joined the Allies. The battlefield is mainly in Europe. It is worth noting that although Italy is an ally, Britain, France and Russia signed a secret treaty with Italy, promising to give Italy some land. So, Italy joined the Allies against the Allies.

This war is one of the most destructive wars in European history. About 65 million people took part in the war, about10 million people were killed and about 20 million people were injured.

The trigger of the war was the Sarajevo incident in June. 19 14. The front line is mainly divided into the eastern line (Russia against Germany and Austria), the western line (Britain and France against Germany) and the southern line (also known as the Balkan front line) (Serbia against Austria-Hungary). Among them, the western front is the most tragic, and the famous battles are the Battle of the Marne River, the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme.

Summary of the First World War

Date:1914–1918

Location: Europe, Africa, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Middle East

Result: The Allies won.

Death (approximate value)

Soldier: 9 million

7 million civilians

* * *: 16 million

Details: World War I casualty statistics

Major participating countries

Allies (in World War I)

:: The Kingdom of Serbia

* Russian Empire

:: France

* Belgium

* The British Empire and its colonies

* Japan

:: Montenegro

* Kingdom of Italy

* More ...

* The German Empire

* Austro-Hungarian Empire

:: Ottoman Turkish Empire

:: Bulgaria

Franco-Prussian War

Prussia fought the Franco-Prussian War with France in 1870- 187 1 in order to unify Germany and compete with France for the hegemony of the European continent. The war ended with the defeat of France, the victory of Prussia and the establishment of the German Empire. The Franco-Prussian truce was extremely harsh, stipulating that France ceded Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and compensated 5 billion francs. As a result, Germany and France became enemies and became the cause of the First World War.

Mutual camp

After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck was worried about French retaliation, so he adopted an alliance policy to contain France. He originally made Germany form a "three-emperor alliance" with Austria-Hungary and Russia, but later at the 1878 Berlin meeting, Russia had a conflict of interest with Austria-Hungary because of the Balkan issue. Germany finally chose Austria-Hungary as an ally in 1879, and concluded a secret German-Austrian alliance with Austria-Hungary. In addition, Bismarck turned to form an alliance with Italy, which was isolated due to the conflict with France on colonial affairs and failed to compete for Tunisia in North Africa at 188 1. Thus, the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Italian Kingdom concluded the "triple alliance".

Russia was very angry when it learned that Germany and Austria had signed the German-Austrian alliance. But Bismarck was a seasoned politician. In order to maintain good relations with Russia, a "reinsurance treaty" was signed with Russia at 1887. However, when Bismarck stepped down in 1890, Kaiser Wilhelm II allowed the treaty to terminate. France, on the other hand, formed an alliance with Russia in 1894 after French financial support for Russian industrialization. For the French-Russian alliance.

Britain signed a sincere agreement with France in 1904. This agreement is not a military alliance. This is an agreement to settle the colonial dispute between the two countries. Egged on by France, Britain and Russia finally ended the colonial dispute in 1907 and signed the Anglo-Russian Treaty. In the same year, France, Britain and Russia formed the "Three Kingdoms Covenant" because of the threat of Otto's German forces.

Since then, Europe has been divided into two camps, so as long as there is any trouble, it may turn into a world war. The First World War was caused by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary.

Fight for the colony

Imperialism rose in the early 20th century. In Bismarck's time, in view of the early establishment of the unified German Empire, it was less involved in the struggle for colonies. Later, in view of the rise of domestic businessmen, businessmen asked the German government to strive for overseas resources and markets. After William II ascended the throne and Bismarck was dismissed, the German emperor took into account that there were too few German colonies, raw materials producing areas and commodity markets were insufficient, and implemented the "world policy", demanding that the global sphere of influence be re-divided. This violated the interests of the old colonial powers-Britain and France. The first and second vested interests of moroccan crises and Russia also intensified the conflict between the two camps and increased the possibility of war.

arms race

Before the war, the two military blocs had a fierce arms race: Britain and Germany began to compete for the construction of dreadnoughts from 1905, and before the war 19 13, the German standing army expanded to 870,000, France to 800,000 and Russia to 2.3 million.

19 14 years of naval power of European powers.

Tonnage national personnel large gunboat

Russia

France 68 000 10 73 1 000

British 209,000 pounds

Total 33 1 0,000 43,264,000

Germany

Austro-Hungary

Total 95000 20 1 268000

Source: Ferguson 1999, p. 85.

Fight for Morocco

In order to compete for the interests in Morocco, Germany and France triggered moroccan crises twice.

Morocco's first crisis

1905 On March 3 1, when Kaiser Wilhelm II visited Tangier, an important port in northern Morocco, he declared that he wanted to protect Morocco's independence and territorial integrity, making its relations with France tense. This is the first crisis in Morocco. 1906 65438+ 10/0/6, European powers held a meeting in algeciras (or Algeria) and reached a resolution to recognize Morocco's independence, but France and Spain were responsible for Morocco's police affairs. France controls Moroccan customs and police.

The second moroccan crises

1911May 2 1 day, a tribal uprising against Sudan took place in Morocco, and France took the opportunity to send troops to capture its capital Fez. Germany demanded that France cede part of French Africa as compensation, and on July 1 of that year, on the pretext of protecting its own businessmen, Germany sent the gunboat "Leopard" to Agadir, the Moroccan port, and war was imminent. This action is called "Leopard Leap" by historians. Britain is afraid that Germany will challenge its maritime hegemony, so it supports France and has a tough attitude. Germany was forced to make concessions and reached an agreement with France on June 4th of that year 165438+. Germany sacrificed a part of French Congo and recognized Morocco as a protectorate of France. 1912 In March, France and Morocco signed the Treaty of Fez, and Morocco officially became a protectorate of France.

Germany, Britain and France became even more at loggerheads in these two moroccan crises wars, and the Kaiser even threatened not to make concessions, which made the war crisis worse.

The Balkans has always been called the European powder magazine. At that time, Balkan countries fought two Balkan wars for their own interests, which deepened the contradiction between Austria-Hungary and Russia and laid the groundwork for the First World War.

bosnian crisis

1908, 10/0 On October 6th, Austria sent troops to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was originally under its trusteeship, which aroused strong anti-Austrian sentiment in Serbia, which wanted to buy these two places (because there were many Serbs). Because Serbia, as the "second brother" of Slavic countries (the name of "first brother" belongs to Russia), is extremely eager to rule the Slavs in the whole Balkan Peninsula; However, Austria's invasion dashed its hopes and opposed this action.

The First Balkan War

1912 March 13, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro formed the Balkan Union to jointly attack Otto and Turkey. 10 year 10 month 18, the first balkan war broke out between the balkan alliance and Otto-turkey. As a result, Otto and Turkey were defeated and signed the Treaty of London with the Balkan Union on May 30th, 19 13, giving up all the territories in the Balkans except Constantinople. Bulgaria acquired Macedonia; Serbia was dissatisfied with the lack of access to the Adriatic Sea, so the Balkan Union split.

The Second Balkan War

1 965438+On June, 20031day, Serbia formed an alliance with Greece to attack Bulgaria, and Romania later joined the Cecil Union. On June 29th, the Second Balkan War broke out, and Otto and Turkey also declared war on Bulgaria. Bulgaria was defeated as a result. 10 In August, Bucharest Treaty was signed with participating countries, and northern Dobro was acquired by Romania. Macedonia is divided into three parts, including Vardal? Macedonia to Serbia, Pirin? Macedonia was assigned to Bulgaria; Aegean sea? Macedonia belongs to Greece. This attracted the dissatisfaction of Austria-Hungary, because Serbia gained too many benefits in these two Balkan wars, threatening its position in the Balkans, while Russia intervened in Balkan affairs through Serbia. As a result, the conflict with the Austro-Hungarian Empire deepened, making the war explosive.

Sarajevo assassination

1965438+On June 28th, 2004, the heir of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Francis Freddy Nandong, and his wife were shot and killed by Serbian youth Princip (a Bosnian student belonging to the "black hand" terrorist organization in Serbia) while inspecting Sarajevo.

War broke out.

On July 28th, 2004, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. On July 30th, Russia mobilized troops to help Serbia. 1 In August, Germany declared war on Russia, and then declared war on France on August 3rd. On August 4, Germany invaded Belgium, and Belgium remained neutral; On the same day, Britain declared war on Germany considering the importance of Belgium to its national security and the London Treaty signed earlier in 1839 to ensure Belgium's neutrality. On August 6th, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. 12 In August, Britain declared war on Austria-Hungary.

Rapid war plan

A few years before the war broke out, the German Chief of Staff Alfred? Feng? Schrieffen made a Schrieffen plan characterized by a quick victory: first, using Germany's developed railway network, he concentrated his superior forces to defeat France within six weeks, and then transferred his troops to the eastern front to attack Russia. Accordingly, France also made a plan of 17, which was ceded to Alsace and Lorraine provinces in Germany after the Franco-Prussian War. However, the development of the war was beyond the expectation of these military strategists, making both plans infeasible.

German attack

1965438+On August 2, 2004, the German army sent troops to neutral Luxembourg to acquire Luxembourg's railway network. On August 3rd, the Germans declared war on Belgium. By August 9, the German army had successfully occupied the whole territory of Belgium and was expelling the French army from Belgium to return to France. On August 2 1 day, the Germans attacked northern France in five ways, and the French army fell and was forced to retreat. On September 3rd, the German army had advanced to Paris, and the French government was forced to retreat to Bordeaux. On September 5-September 12, the Battle of the Marne River broke out between the German army and the British and French allied forces in the front line of the Marne River in Verdun, a suburb of Paris. As a result, both sides lost, the Germans had to turn to strategic defense and stick to the front line of the Anna River, and the battle began to evolve into positional warfare. Then, the two sides broke out in a sports war heading for the seaside, and the British and French Coalition forces were defeated. The Germans successfully captured a large territory in the northeast of France, but they could never cut off the transportation line between Britain and France. Later, the battle of Flanders broke out between the two sides, but neither side achieved significant results. Thus, the war entered a stalemate stage.

War deadlock

19 15 In the spring, the British and French allied forces launched two rounds of offensives, Shambani and Aldao Ismail, and the main force of the German army concentrated on the eastern front. However, due to outdated tactics and lack of strong fire cover, the Germans successfully resisted and suffered heavy casualties. In April of that year, the Germans counterattacked and used poison gas for the first time, and the losses on both sides were even more serious. As a result, on the western front of 19 15, the British and French allied forces killed or injured one million people, and the German army also killed or injured 6 10000 people, but the war remained deadlocked.

19 16 In February, the pressure on the eastern front was slightly reduced, and the German main force moved to the western front again, and a battle broke out with the French army in Verdun. As a result, after more than seven months of fierce fighting, the Germans still failed to capture Verdun. In order to balance the Germans, the British and French allied forces broke out the Battle of the Somme with the Germans in early July of that year, and the situation was even more tragic. Although the British army used tanks for the first time in this war, after the casualties of both sides were about1.2000, there was still no major breakthrough in the war, which lasted until 165438+ 10 in that year, and the western front turned into a stalemate again, but the allies began to take the initiative in the war.

1965438+On February 24th, 2007, Peggy, the American ambassador to Britain, received a telegram from zimmermann, saying that if Mexico declared war on the United States, Germany would help to return the southwestern United States to Mexico, so the United States used this as an excuse to declare war on Germany on April 6th of that year. 19 17 in April, the French army launched a spring offensive on the western front, and fought with the Germans between Reims and Sovazon, which lasted for a month. However, the French army still made no progress after 65,438+10,000 casualties, which caused a stir among the French soldiers. The war was once again deadlocked, and the French army was unable to defend itself because of internal turmoil, so the British army had to be responsible for the defense of the western front. In the second half of that year, the equipment provided by the United States arrived in Europe, so the British army stormed the western front again, but after losing more than 6,543,800 people, it still could not change the deadlock of the war.

Final attack

19 18, the Eastern Front ended because of the Russian October Revolution and its withdrawal from the war. The Germans immediately concentrated on the western front, intending to defeat Britain and France in the summer of 19 18 before the American troops arrived in Europe, in order to turn the situation around. 1965438+From March to July, 2008, the German army launched five large-scale offensives in succession on the western front, but the first two offensives still achieved nothing after losing/kloc-0.40 million troops. American troops have arrived in Europe, which has greatly enhanced the strength of the allied forces. At the end of May of that year, the German army launched the third offensive, which successfully broke through the French defense line and advanced to a place only 37 kilometers away from Paris, but it was unable to annihilate the main force of the British and French Coalition forces, and the other side lost 6.5438+0.3 million people. During the five days from June 9 to June 13, the Germans launched the fourth offensive in an attempt to connect the two prominent points of the German army in Amiens and the Marne River and concentrate their forces on attacking Paris, but failed. On July 15, the Germans were determined to launch the fifth attack. However, after losing the 15 division, we had to retreat to hindenburg line because we got nothing and our military strength was exhausted. From then on, we can only be passive defense.

Russian mobilization

1965438+On July 28th, 2004, Austria-Hungary broke off diplomatic relations with Serbia and declared war on it because Germany gave it a "blank check". Russia announced the national mobilization to support Serbia, which caused dissatisfaction in Germany. 1 In August, Germany declared war on Russia and invaded Belgium on the western front on the pretext that Russia refused to stop the national mobilization. On August 4th, Britain declared war on Germany, because Belgium was the key to its own security. On August 6th, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia.

German-Russian war

At the beginning of the war, Russian troops concentrated on the western front and attacked the Germans on the eastern front. In late August, Russian troops entered East Prussia and advanced to the heart of Germany, and the Germans were forced to transfer troops from the western front. German reinforcements acted quickly and quickly reached the eastern front, destroying tens of thousands of Russian troops near Komuxinlin, which made the development of the eastern front war situation under German control. On September 1 1 day, the first Russian army was defeated again, the Germans advanced into Russia, and the Russian army lost more than 250,000 people. On the southern front, Russian troops initially defeated the Austro-Hungarian armies in Galicia and Bukovina many times, but Germany later provided support to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. As a result, by mid-June+February in 5438, the war on the Eastern Front had also entered a stalemate.

19 15, because of the defeat of the battle of the Marne River on the western front, the Germans decided to concentrate their forces to defeat Russia, forcing Russia to stop fighting, thus ending the war on the eastern front and avoiding the dilemma of continuing to fight on two fronts. The eastern front became the main battlefield. 1965438+In May 2005, the German-Austrian Coalition forces attacked the Russian army in two ways with 18 divisions and more than 2,000 cannons, and planned to push the Russian army into the "Polish pocket" and annihilate it. The two sides fought for more than eight months. The Germans captured PuRemis, Lyme Fort, Ivangorod, Warsaw, Brest, Villenio and Riga, forcing Russian troops to retreat to the front line from gulf of riga to Transdniestria. Russian troops lost more than 6.5438+0.7 million people. Although the Germans won a great victory, they also suffered great losses and did not destroy the main Russian army. Therefore, Russia cannot be forced to surrender.

Turkey participated in the war.

In order to contain Russia, Germany promised to provide Otto with a loan of 1 100 million francs in exchange for his participation in the war. So Turkey officially entered the war on 19 14129 October. Fighting with Russia in the Caucasus. At first, the Russian army was unfavorable, but in June of 5438+09 15, the Ninth Army of Turkey was completely annihilated, with a loss of about 70,000 people.

Italy switched to the Allies

1965438+In May 2005, because Britain and France promised to share Fulham and Dalmatia after the war, Italy went to the Allies and declared war on them. Although the rebel army was weak and lost nearly 300,000 people at the beginning of the war, it successfully contained the troops of 40 divisions of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and eased the pressure on Russia and France. 1965438+In September 2005, Bulgaria joined the Allied Forces and sent 300,000 troops to cooperate with the German-Austrian Allied Forces to attack Serbia. As a result, the allied forces quickly occupied the whole territory of Serbia, and the Serbian government and army were forced to retreat to Corfu, Greece.

19 16 In the spring, Russia mobilized 2 million troops from three fronts to launch a counterattack against the German-Austrian Coalition forces. After a round of fierce fighting, both sides lost 1 million troops each, but the Russian army had more troops, which forced the German-Austrian Coalition forces to retreat and attack eastern Galicia. Romania also declared war on the Allies in August of that year. The German-Austrian Coalition forces then decided to capture Romania to seize oil and food supplies. As a result, Bucharest, the capital of Romania, quickly fell, and German and Austrian troops occupied most of Romania's territory.

Attack Constantinople

In order to relieve Russia's dilemma of being contained by Otto and Turkey in the Caucasus, the Allies decided to jointly attack Otto and Constantinople, the capital of Turkey. 19 15 At the beginning of this year, the war of gallipoli broke out. The Allies sent 500,000 soldiers across the ocean to Gallipoli Peninsula. After nearly eleven months of fighting, about13/kloc-0,000 people died and 262,000 people were injured, and as a result, they were forced to retreat. This battle was one of the most famous battles in World War I and the biggest landing operation at that time.

Russia itself is a serfdom economic system, and it can't stand the continuous war on the Eastern Front. As a result, its domestic economy collapsed, factories closed down, unemployment soared, arms supply was extremely difficult, and soldiers were extremely war-weary. 19 16 winter, various contradictions in Russia intensified, and the number of strikers in the capital Moscow reached more than one million. As a result, 19 17 On March 8th, Russian February Revolution broke out, which made Tsar Nicholas II abdicate. But what about Alexander? The provisional government led by kerensky continued the war, but was defeated by the German-Austrian coalition again. As a result, Russian workers and peasants could not stand it. 191765438+ 10 (julian calendar 65438+10) In June, Bolshevik leader Lenin led an armed uprising, overthrew the capitalist regime of the interim government, and established the Soviet government and the first socialist country, which is known as the October Revolution. Lenin later signed the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with Germany, announcing his withdrawal from the First World War.

Allied surrender

Although Russia withdrew from the war, German allies-Otto, Turkey, Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary-continued to fight, which led to the economic collapse of China and the uprising of all ethnic groups. As a result, they were unable to fight again and made peace with the allies. Finally, a coup took place in Germany, making peace with the allies, and the First World War ended.

Maritime war

Although Britain and Germany fought to build dreadnoughts before the war, there was only one large-scale decisive battle of the main fleet in the whole World War I, that is, the Jutland naval battle. The result of this campaign is quite special: on the one hand, the German ocean fleet led by Admiral Schell sank more British ships with relatively little tonnage loss, thus achieving tactical victory; On the other hand, the British main fleet commanded by Admiral Jellicoe successfully blocked the German navy in German Ports, making it almost useless in the later period of the war, thus achieving a strategic victory.

On the other hand, at the beginning of the war, Germany mainly relied on submarine warfare to stop other countries' material assistance to Britain, but it was once suspended because of American protests. However, when the situation of the British and German armies became worse and worse, and the domestic economy became worse and worse, Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare in June 5438+09 17, that is, all ships in British waters, whether enemies or neutral countries, could be sunk by German submarines, which greatly affected the navigation of American merchant ships and recorded the sinking of American merchant ships, so the relationship between Germany and the United States deteriorated and the United States was affected.

World War

Japan sent troops.

During World War I, Japan went to the Allies and declared war on Germany in order to gain Germany's rights and interests in Shandong, China, and sent troops to occupy Qingdao. As a result, this Japanese action aroused the dissatisfaction of the people of China, which led to the May 4th Movement.

Countries go to war.

After the United States entered the war, Latin American countries followed the United States to declare war on the allies, once again expanding the scope of the war. However, most of these countries participated in the war in name, but actually did not.

China is at war.

China was then the Beiyang government under Duan's rule. In order to gain benefits, Beiyang government went to the more favorable side-the Allies, and declared war on the Allies.

The weather in Germany has changed.

1965438+In August and September of 2008, the Germans lost 15000 men, more than 2000 cannons and 13000 machine guns. The news of military failure has intensified the contradictions in Germany. In September, Marshal Hindenburg proposed "ending the war" in the German Parliament. However, the German high command is still unwilling to give up, and intends to use the remaining naval vessels for the final decisive battle with the British Navy. As a result, German sailors rebelled in Kiel Port because they didn't want to die, which soon spread to the whole navy and the whole country. 165438+1On 9 October, a revolution also took place in Berlin, the German capital, and the German emperor William II had to abdicate and flee to the Netherlands. 165438+1October 1 1, the Germans made peace, and the first world war ended.

Paris Peace Conference

After the war, countries held peace talks in Paris, which was called "Paris Peace Conference" (Paris Peace Conference for short). The main decision of the meeting was made by American President Woodrow? British Prime Minister David Lloyd George and French Prime Minister George Clemenceau presided over the meeting. Although American President Woodrow? Wilson advocated lenient treatment of Germany, but France advocated severe punishment of Germany for revenge. Therefore, the Treaty of Versailles, a peace treaty signed between various countries and Germany, added extremely harsh clauses at the request of France, and added huge land cession compensation and arms limitation clauses to Germany. However, at the same time, war criminals such as Kaiser Wilhelm II, Marshal Hindenburg and General ludendorff did not receive due punishment. The result laid the groundwork for Germany to provoke a larger World War II 20 years later.

Other peace treaties

The victorious countries and other defeated countries also signed harsh peace treaties, and the victorious countries signed the Treaty of Saint-Germain with the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was divided into several nation states. Bulgaria lost the Aegean Sea after signing the Neuilly Treaty with Bulgaria, and it has to pay compensation of 445 million US dollars. With the signing of the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary, the territory of Hungary has been greatly reduced; Signed the Severus Treaty with Ottoman Turkey to completely carve up the territory of Ottoman Turkey. Later, only Istanbul and a small part of its territory and parts of Anatolia remained in Turkey.

The so-called Versailles system is a new system of postwar European and international relations composed of peace treaties such as the Treaty of Versailles, which has had an important impact on the development of postwar European and international relations.

affect

Single nation state

The war brought great losses to mankind, but in the First World War, it destroyed four empires: Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey. Ethnic countries in the Balkans and the Middle East have followed suit, such as Yugoslavia, Hungary and Iraq.

The weakness of Britain

Britain, once the world's financial center and the world's hegemon, although its territory increased after the war, its control over the territory was greatly reduced due to the huge casualties and material losses in the war, and its economy was greatly affected by the war, which led to a serious economic recession. Since then, its status as a world financial center has been ceded to the United States.

* * * production revolution

During World War II, Russia had a * * * production revolution, which led to the emergence of the first socialist country in the world-the Soviet Union (Soviet socialism and the League of Nations). Since then, * * * production has spread all over the world, and political parties or regimes have been established all over the world. This situation has not changed until the end of the cold war.

The rise of the United States and Japan

The war weakened Britain, France and Italy; The United States has become the world's number one economic power, and the world financial center has also moved from London to new york; Japan has also changed from a debtor country to a creditor country, occupying Jiaozhou Bay and Shandong Peninsula in China, which belongs to the German sphere of influence.

German revenge

The Treaty of Versailles put all the responsibility for waging war on Germany, thus imposing extremely severe economic and military sanctions on Germany. Germany lost 13% of its territory and 12% of its population, and was disarmed. The army was controlled below 654.38+million, and it was forbidden to own an air force. Although Germany was finally defeated in the First World War, its vitality was not greatly damaged, its industrial system was still intact, and Germany itself was not affected by the war. Moreover, the Treaty of Versailles pays too much attention to the distribution of the interests of the victorious countries and completely ignores the interests of the defeated countries. In addition, the unprecedented harshness and predation of the treaty made German nationals strongly resist and resent the treaty imposed on them, which triggered a strong national revenge among the German people. In order to get rid of the bondage of the Treaty of Versailles, various political forces and opinions in Germany are particularly fierce, which provides conditions for Germany to become a new war. Thus, Germany, under the leadership of Hitler's Nazi Party, launched the Second World War.

May Fourth Movement

The Treaty of Versailles transferred German rights and interests in Shandong, China to Japan, which became the fuse of the May 4th Movement in China. 1965438+On May 4, 2009, young students, the masses, citizens, businessmen and other middle and lower class people in China participated in various patriotic movements, such as demonstrations, petitions, strikes, anti-government violence and so on. The reason is that during the Paris Peace Conference, the powers trampled on China's sovereignty and transferred the original German rights and interests in Shandong to Japan, that is, the Shandong issue. Together with the New Culture Movement, it has become a large-scale and far-reaching political, ideological and cultural movement in the history of China, which has had a great impact on China's politics, society, culture and thoughts from modern times to the present.

Military treatment

American soldiers in World War I received a daily salary of 1 USD, plus 25 points for daily expenses outside the United States. Later, due to the Great Depression of1930s, veterans and their families and other related groups failed to immediately claim compensation from the US government for wartime service, which led to the March incident of 1932 involving the bloody pension of the US military.

the League of Nations

Please refer to the League of Nations for details.

In view of the huge casualties and material losses in the First World War, Britain and France and other victorious countries launched an organization called the League of Nations, which aimed at reducing the number of weapons, calming international disputes and maintaining people's living standards. However, the League of Nations could not effectively stop fascist aggression. It was replaced by the United Nations after World War II.

statistical data

In World War I, 36% of the Allied soldiers and 20% of the civilians were killed. Allied soldiers and civilians each account for 22%. Please note that most civilians died of Spanish influenza A during the war.

strengthen

Allied soldiers killed: 5,497,600

* Belgium: 13700

* Britain: 908,000 people.

Australia: 60,000 people

O Canada: 55,000 people

India: 25,000 people

New Zealand: 16000

O South Africa: 7,000 people

O United Kingdom: 7 15000

* France: 1.24 million

O French colony: 1 14000