Angola is located on the west coast of Africa, bordering the Democratic Republic of Congo in the north, Zambia in the east and Namibia and Botswana in the south. The western Atlantic.
State leader: José Eduardo dos Santos.
Population:18498000 (estimated in 2009)
Population density: 14.8 people/km2.
Government system
In 2005, the security situation remained stable and the economy gradually recovered. The Angolan government has focused on consolidating peace, deepening national reconciliation and resuming development, and on national economic construction, which has accelerated the pace of national reconstruction. At the same time, the preparations for the national elections have also made progress.
form
The current constitution was enacted in June of 20 10 and 1 year, stipulating that the president is the head of state, the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces. The president is no longer directly elected, but elected by the winning party in the parliamentary election. The term of office is five years, and can be re-elected at most once. After the president takes office, he can appoint his own vice president (note: the term of office of the president starts from the parliamentary election in 20 12, which enables the current president dos Santos to serve as president at most until 2022). The new Constitution abolished the post of Prime Minister and gave the President the right to appoint the Supreme Court Justice and Auditor-General. The National Assembly has the right to recall the president, but it must be approved by the Supreme Court before it can take effect. The Constitution also stipulates that all land in Angola belongs to the state and can only be used by Angolan citizens and companies registered in Angola.
parliament
Angola's National Assembly is the highest legislative body in the country. Main functions: amending the Constitution and approving, amending or canceling laws; To review and approve the legislative work in the NPC Standing Committee; Supervise the implementation of the Constitution and laws; Supervise the work of state and government organs; To approve the national economic plan and the national budget and supervise their implementation; Give Amnesty; Declare martial law and emergency law, and authorize the president to declare a state of war or peace. The term of office is five years, and regular meetings are held twice a year. The current parliament was formed in September 2008 according to the results of multi-party elections. At present, among the 220 members of parliament, the Angolan People's Movement holds 19 1 6 seats, UNITA holds 16 seats, the Social Reform Party holds 8 seats, the Angolan National Liberation Front holds 3 seats and the New Democratic Election Union holds 2 seats.
government
According to the new constitution, the president is not only the head of state, but also the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The post of prime minister will be abolished and its original duties will be assumed by the newly established vice president. In addition, the future president will be the leader of the political party that won the National Assembly election, not the original direct election. The new constitution also stipulates that from 20 12, that is, after the next parliamentary election, the president will serve for five years and be re-elected at most once [1]199365438+February, and the the State Council of People's Republic of China (PRC) was established according to the constitution. The Committee is the president's political advisory body, which aims to listen to and concentrate the opinions of people from all walks of life in the country for reference when the government formulates policies. * * * People's Republic of China (PRC) the State Council is composed of executive, legislative and judicial leaders, chairmen of political parties with parliamentary seats, and 65,438+00 social celebrities, religious figures and grand chiefs appointed by the President.
Referee
The Republic of China has a Supreme Court, a military court, a court of appeal and a public prosecutor's office. Military courts are under the direct leadership of the National Defense Security Committee. The Court of Appeal deals exclusively with appeals. The Attorney General's Office is the national legal supervision organ, which is directly led by the President. Cristiano Andre, President of the Supreme Court. Attorney General augusto dacosta Da Caneiro took office in July 2002.
political party
The multi-party system was implemented from 199 1. There are 125 legal political parties in China. The main political parties are: (1) People's Liberation Movement of Angola (MPLA), which has been the ruling party since Angola's independence. 1956 was established in February. 1990, the Third National Congress of the Angolan People's Movement decided to abandon Marxism-Leninism, change the Party into a mass party, set the strategic goal as "democratic socialism", and decided to implement a multi-party system in Angola. From June 5 to February 5, 2003, the Angolan People's Movement held its fifth national congress and elected a new Central Committee. President dos Santos was re-elected as the party's chairman, and Antonio Neto and Julio matthaeus were elected as the party's vice-chairman and general secretary respectively. (2) National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA for short). Main opposition party. Founded in March 1966, Jonas Savimbi is the founder. The armed struggle against Portuguese colonial rule began at 1967. 1975 At the beginning of this year, the Angolan Movement, the Angolan Liberation Front and the Portuguese authorities formed a transitional government. After the civil war broke out in Angola, it moved to rural areas and jungle mountains to carry out guerrilla activities against the Angolan people's movement government. Bises peace agreement was signed with the Angolan government at 199 1. 1992 registered as a legal political party and participated in the general election of that year. The Lusaka Protocol was signed with the government. 65438+1September 1998, internal division, some senior members set up the UNITA Innovation Committee, and made public the opposition party chairman Savimbi. On February 22, 2002, Savimbi was killed by government forces. Since then, UNITA and the government formally signed a ceasefire agreement, completed demilitarization, and announced that it would give up the goal of seizing power by armed forces. In June 2003, UNITA held its ninth national congress and elected new leaders: Isaiah Samakuwa, Chairman of the Political Committee, and Mario Vatuva, General Secretary. (3) The Liberal Democratic Party, founded in 1983, is an international member of the Liberal Party. The leader of this party is Annalia de Weitorya Pereira (4) Frent Nacional de Libertacao de Angola, which was an important force in Angola's war of independence from Portuguese colonial rule and won the support of many countries, including China. 1992 Angola was reorganized into a political party after the multi-party election. At present, the party leaders believe that Partido Republicano de Angola, founded by Alden Roberto (5) and 1994 in Massachusetts, USA, is the most powerful opposition party in Angola. We strongly oppose the leadership of President dos Santos in Angola, consider his coming to power illegal, and advocate severely punishing corruption. The leader of this party is Carlos Alberto Contreiras Gouveia, and other influential parties include: Social Democratic Party (PSD), Democratic Reform Party (PRD), National Democratic Party of Angola (PNDA), Angola Democratic Forum (FDA), Angola Democratic Progressive Alliance Party (PDP-ANA), and Democratic Alliance Federation (AD-Coligacao).
Political heavyweight
José Eduardo dos Santos: Chairman of the Angolan People's Movement. 1942 was born in a worker's family in Luanda on August 28th. Since middle school, I have actively participated in the struggle against colonial rule and for national independence. 196 1 joined the angolan people's movement, 1962 served as the youth vice-chairman of the angolan people's movement and the representative of the angolan people's movement in Congo. 1963- 1970 studied petrochemical and communication in the Soviet union and obtained a master's degree. From 65438 to 0975, he served as Minister of Foreign Liaison and Minister of Health of the Central Committee of the Angolan People's Movement, and was elected as a member of the Central Committee of the Angolan People's Movement and a member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee. After Angola's independence, it has successively served as Minister of Foreign Affairs, First Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Planning, Director of Planning Committee, Secretary of Culture, Education and Sports of the Central Committee of the Angolan People's Movement, Secretary of the Ministry of National Reconstruction and Secretary of the Ministry of Economic Development and Planning. 1979 in September, he served as chairman of the People's Liberation Movement-Labor Party, chairman People's Republic of China (PRC) and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. 1980 1 1 is the speaker of the people's assembly. 1985 65438+February,1990 65438+February and1998 65438+February were re-elected as the chairman of the Angolan People's Movement. 1988 and 1998 visited China twice. Successive Angolan presidents1975.1-1979.10 Agostinho Neto1922-1979/Agosti.
Editing this part of the economy
system
The implementation of market economy has a certain industrial and agricultural foundation, but successive years of war have seriously affected economic development and damaged infrastructure. Petroleum industry is the pillar industry of national economy. After peace was achieved in 2002, post-war reconstruction was in full swing. In 2005, the economic operation was stable, the recovery speed was accelerated, and various industries developed. The government has adopted a series of reform measures, giving priority to the development of infrastructure projects related to the national economy and people's livelihood, implementing economic restructuring, stabilizing the macroeconomic situation, accelerating the privatization of state-owned enterprises, encouraging the development of the private economy, and increasing investment in infrastructure reconstruction. The main difficulty facing economic development is the serious shortage of funds. Gross domestic product (2004): 20 1 billion USD. Per capita gross national income (2004): 1030 USD. GDP growth rate (2004): 1 1.2%. Currency name: Kwanzaa (Kz). Exchange rate (August 2009): 1 USD =80 kwanza. Inflation rate (2004): 365,438+0%. Unemployment rate (2003): 54%. (Source: World Bank, International Monetary Fund and Angolan official estimates)
telecom
Telecommunications is relatively backward. As of June 2005, the number of mobile phone users reached 1 10,000, accounting for 8% of the total population. The number of fixed telephone users is less than 6.5438+0000, and the penetration rate is less than 654.38+0%. 200 1, Angola announced that it would abandon the state monopoly on the telecommunications industry, and the privatization ratio could reach up to 40%. The main telecom companies are: state-owned Angola Telecom and private United Telecom. In 20 10, the total number of users of United Telecom Angola Company reached 5.5 million, and its business share accounted for 65% of the whole country.
Finance and money
In 2003, the fiscal revenue was 3.378 billion US dollars, the fiscal expenditure was 4.276 billion US dollars, and the fiscal deficit was 898 million US dollars. At the end of 2004, foreign exchange reserves stood at US$ 654.38 billion, and total foreign debts stood at US$ 654.38 billion.
foreign trade
The total foreign trade in 2005 was about 29 billion US dollars. The foreign trade situation in recent years is as follows (unit: billion US dollars):
2002 2003 2004 2005
84.6 Exit 92.4 130 200
Import 39.7 40.8 52 90
The difference is 44.951.678110.
In 2004, the main export products were oil and diamonds, and the main import products were consumer goods, raw materials and machinery and equipment, automobiles and spare parts. Imports mainly came from Portugal (19.2% of Angola's total imports in that year), South Africa (12.6%), Brazil (7.6%), China (6.5%) and South Africa.
foreign capital
Mainly concentrated in the oil industry, diamond mining, public works, construction, fisheries and processing industries. In recent years, attracting foreign direct investment ranks among the best in African countries, reaching $654.38+04 billion in 2003, ranking second in Africa. The main investors are the United States, France, Italy, Belgium, Britain, Portugal, Japan, Brazil, South Africa and South Korea.
foreign aid
200 1, receiving foreign aid of 268 million us dollars. Bilateral assistance is mainly provided by the United States, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Portugal. Multilateral assistance mainly comes from EU, IDA, UNICEF, UNHCR, UNDP and other organizations.
People's lives
Street vendors selling fruits in Luanda.
Wage standards are uniformly formulated by the state. The national minimum monthly wage is about $50. The salary of administrative, technical and managerial personnel is twice that of workers. Cadres and workers can take a paid vacation for one month every year. Free medical care is implemented throughout the country. According to the statistics of the Angolan Ministry of Health in 2002, there are 8 national hospitals, 277 health centers and 6 medical stations 17 16, with an average of 0.46 doctors, 27 nurses 1.27 beds per thousand people. Angola is one of the least developed countries in the world as determined by the United Nations. According to the Global Human Development Report published by the United Nations Development Programme in 2002, Angola's human development index is 0.403%, ranking 16 1 in the world. The average life expectancy in Angola is 40. 1 year, the population growth rate is 2.8%, and the birth rate is 5. 1%. In 2003, the mortality rate of children under five years old was 250 per thousand. According to figures released by Angolan media, in 2003, 68% of the Angolan population lived below the poverty line. More than 20,000 people died of malaria; The number of people infected with AIDS exceeds 1 10,000, accounting for 8.6% of the total population.