Market economic order is a social agreement between market participants to ensure the smooth operation of the social and economic system, that is, an economic system arrangement that rises to laws and regulations. Therefore, the order of market economy depends on whether the institutional arrangement is perfect and reasonable, that is, there are laws to follow and laws to be followed; It depends on whether the actions of market participants such as the government, enterprises and individuals are "illegal"; It depends on whether the law enforcers "violate the law and enforce the law strictly". Market economic order is a systematic concept, which is embodied by macro-and micro-economic operation order, fiscal and taxation and financial market order, commodity and factor market order, social credit order, investment and financing order and economic behavior order of governments, enterprises and individuals at all levels, and its evolution process is also the change process of these orders.
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From1993165438+10/0 to 14, the "Decision" deliberated and adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee clearly defined the reform goal of the transition from a planned economy to a market economy, and formally opened up the establishment of a socialist market economy. The market economic order in this period is a comprehensive reflection of a series of policy effects of promoting system transition in the past ten years of reform and opening up, especially after the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and the policy effects of drastic system reform after the Third Plenary Session. On the eve of the Third Plenary Session, the macroeconomic operation order was tense, the financial order was chaotic, money was over-invested, illegal lending and fund-raising, financial institutions were set up in disorder, interest rates were raised without authorization or in disguise, settlement discipline was lax, and financial management was chaotic; The fiscal deficit is serious, tax reduction and exemption, bank accounts are flooded, and the central financial difficulties are aggravated; Real estate fever, development zone fever, investment and consumer demand are all expanding; Export growth is weak, import growth is too fast, and the national foreign exchange balance has dropped a lot; In micro-operation, the focus is on transforming the operating mechanism of state-owned enterprises and pushing them to the market, which makes some state-owned enterprises difficult to operate; Industrial growth is accelerating, the industrial structure is unreasonable, and the "bottleneck" constraints of infrastructure and basic industries are strengthened; Prices are rising rapidly, inflation is accelerating, and the total supply and demand of society are unbalanced. To this end, the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee issued the Decision in time, followed by the State Council's Decision on Financial System Reform, the State Council's Decision on Tax-sharing Financial Management System, Company Law and other policies, aiming at vigorously promoting the establishment of market economic system and reducing or eliminating the disorder of market economic order caused by the current economic system transition. However, the structural transformation characteristics of the Decision itself have corrected the market economic order to some extent.
With the deepening of fiscal, taxation, finance, foreign trade and foreign exchange system reform, the basic framework of the new macro-control system has been initially established. In terms of fiscal and taxation, the difficulties of the central government were partially alleviated by establishing a tax-sharing system instead of the fiscal responsibility system, starting a new tax system with value-added tax as the main body, and rationalizing the distribution relationship between the central and local governments; In terms of finance, the macro-control system of the central bank that independently implements monetary policy has been established, policy finance and commercial finance have been separated, and a financial organization system with state-owned commercial banks as the main body and various financial institutions coexisting has been established; In terms of foreign exchange reform, the exchange rate was smoothly consolidated, the exchange rate of RMB against the US dollar remained basically stable, and a moderately tight fiscal and monetary policy was implemented. This series of reform measures partially eased the confusion of the previous market economic order. However, due to the lag effect of chaotic economic order, imperfect laws and regulations, and many human factors, the chaos of fiscal and taxation and financial order cannot be effectively eradicated: in fiscal and taxation, there have been phenomena of internal and external collusion to defraud foreign exchange and evade taxes; Some local governments have turned budgetary funds into extra-budgetary funds without authorization, evading budget supervision, and a large amount of funds have deviated from the normal operation track and set up "small coffers" privately. Some new problems have also emerged in the financial field, such as illegal establishment of financial institutions, high-interest deposits, indiscriminate fund-raising and off-balance-sheet operations of financial institutions, which have led to a decline in the growth rate of bank savings deposits, a significant increase in money supply and an increase in inflationary pressures; Some financial institutions illegally borrow credit funds; Some have transferred foreign exchange overseas to speculate in financial futures, and a large amount of hot money has hit the financial market, posing a threat to macroeconomic stability.
At the micro level, transforming the operating mechanism of state-owned enterprises and exploring effective ways to establish a modern enterprise system have become the focus of reform. As a result, all parts of the country have made great efforts to pilot modern enterprises, but they often overemphasize "clear property rights" and explore forms of property rights, are keen on running joint-stock companies and listed companies, and only value money over business, or turn public property into personal property through "property rights transactions", and "clear rights and responsibilities, separation of government and enterprise, and scientific management" have become a foil. In addition, some enterprises colluded with fraud groups, forged customs declarations and invoices, illegally arbitrage foreign exchange, and defrauded export tax rebates; Some enterprises issue false value-added tax invoices or conduct transactions without invoices to evade state taxes; Many accounting personnel practice fraud and engage in "two accounts"; Some accounting firms and audit firms collude with enterprises to engage in false audits and false assessments to cover up the truth; Even some enterprises engage in internal fund-raising to buy shares and take out bank loans to speculate in stocks to make money, resulting in a very serious loss of state-owned assets. To this end, the state promulgated the Regulations on Property Supervision and Management of State-owned Enterprises, and appointed the Board of Supervisors to supervise. In addition, the classification reform of state-owned enterprises, "grasping the big and letting go of the small", solves the problems of enterprises running society and excessive debts through bankruptcy and downsizing. Although a social security system including pension, unemployment, medical care and other insurance systems has been established, the results are far behind, resulting in a large number of unemployed people, and their lives are gradually difficult. Obviously, the deterioration of the market order in this period came more from the economic crimes carried out by taking advantage of their powers. Therefore, anti-corruption, strengthening administrative supervision and judicial supervision have become the main means for the state to adjust the economic order.
In recent years, the instability of the market economic order is manifested in the rapid rise of prices and serious inflation. Among them, the lag of agricultural production, price reform and circulation system reform led to the rise of the whole price level; The combination of foreign exchange and the rapid growth of fixed assets investment and consumption funds for several consecutive years has promoted the price increase from two aspects: demand-driven and cost-driven; However, governments at all levels have relaxed price management, failed to correct fraud, monopolistic price increases and price gouging in the circulation field, and also contributed to the price increase. In order to control the price increase, the government focuses on vigorously developing agricultural production and increasing effective supply; Implement a moderately tight fiscal policy, live within our means, and control the money supply and credit scale; Control the scale of investment in fixed assets and curb the excessive growth of consumption funds; Deepening the reform of circulation system, reducing circulation links and circulation costs have achieved certain results and successfully achieved a "soft landing" of the economy.
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On the eve of the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, after the "soft landing" of the economy, with strict investment approval and moderately tight fiscal and monetary policies, the overall macro-economy operated smoothly, effectively resisting the Asian financial crisis. With the deepening of the reform of state-owned enterprises and circulation system, micro-operation order has gradually become the focus of market economic order.
After the transformation of management mechanism and classification reform, the focus of state-owned enterprise reform is to help large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises get rid of difficulties and carry out joint-stock reform. For a time, large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises went public one after another, and financing seemed to be the only way out. As a result, the efficiency of enterprises has not improved, but "circling money" is in full swing, which has triggered a "bubble" in the securities market. Therefore, 1 July, 19991day promulgated the "People's Republic of China (PRC) Securities Law" to standardize the operation of the stock market and strengthen supervision. However, because some powerful people make waves and manipulate the stock market, the effectiveness of the law is greatly reduced because of "not investigating the law and lax enforcement" In addition, the State Council has taken a series of measures to help large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises get rid of their difficulties. In order to solve the overload operation of state-owned enterprises, a large number of staff are reduced; In order to solve the problem of separating government from enterprise, the State Council has carried out institutional reform, and at the same time decided to decouple the central party and government organs from the directly managed economic entities and enterprises and establish the special inspector system. In order to solve the influence of smuggled goods on the products of state-owned enterprises, the national anti-smuggling police force was established. At the same time, in order to get rid of the "umbrella" of smuggling, it was decided that the army, the armed police force and the political and legal organs should be completely decoupled from their operating enterprises. Although these measures help to "loosen" state-owned enterprises, they create conditions for collusion between state-owned assets management departments and state-owned enterprises. In the process of "grasping the big and letting the small go", not only the power and money transactions are rampant, resulting in the loss of state-owned assets, but also a large number of unemployed workers with little subsidies are openly pushed to the society, which intensifies the poverty of workers. In order to implement the re-employment plan, while supporting the development of private enterprises, driven by interests, local protectionism prevails, and the phenomenon of manufacturing and selling fake and shoddy goods and profiteering is extremely rampant, leading to market disorder.
Due to the moderately tight macro-policy, coupled with the serious two-level polarization caused by the reform of state-owned enterprises, a large number of workers are unemployed, farmers' income is low, and consumption is insufficient, which makes the macro-economy stable and weak. Therefore, expanding domestic demand has become the theme of economic operation, and macro-economy has begun to implement a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy; At the micro level, market-oriented reforms in housing, medical care and education are used to promote consumption. Due to low wage income and low incremental expectation, this "oppressive" savings stock consumption has promoted GDP growth, but it has brought widespread psychological panic to farmers and workers. As a result, getting rich, even by hook or by crook, seems to be recognized by people. A large number of ugly phenomena such as counterfeiting, fraud, breach of contract and corruption have emerged, which not only caused chaos in the market economic order, but also caused serious social problems.
In addition to a series of factors that affect the market order around the deepening reform of state-owned enterprises, the reform of the grain circulation system with three policies, namely, liberalizing the purchase of farmers' surplus grain at protective prices, implementing appropriate sales of grain storage enterprises, and closing the operation of agricultural development bank's purchase funds, has also brought many disturbances. Like helping state-owned enterprises out of trouble, the original intention is to increase farmers' income and enhance their ability to resist risks after China's entry into WTO. In the state-owned grain enterprises' behavior of "having policies at the top and countermeasures at the bottom", farmers not only did not get benefits from it, but also gave birth to a group of "grain mice", which caused confusion in the market circulation order. In view of the decline of social morality and the ineffective attack of the rule of law, calling for moral integrity and promoting the establishment of social credit system have become the government's countermeasures to correct the market order. However, the establishment of the credit system must have a solid legal guarantee. Therefore, how to improve the legal system and strengthen the rule of law has become a bottleneck that must be broken through to stabilize the market order.