Raising the loan reserve ratio means that the national tax authorities require commercial banks to increase the bad debt reserve for non-performing loans according to the economic operation, so as to cope with economic risks and attack the stability of commercial banks.

What are non-performing loan ratio, credit cost ratio, loan reserve ratio and provision?

Non-performing loan ratio refers to the proportion of non-performing loans of financial institutions to the total loan balance. Non-performing loans are divided into five categories according to the risk basis: normal, concerned, secondary, suspicious and loss, of which the latter three categories are collectively referred to as non-performing loans.

Credit cost refers to the cost incurred by banks in the process of credit. From the borrower's point of view, it includes loan interest rate or discount rate, guarantee fee, evaluation fee, insurance fee, notarization fee, mortgage registration fee and other procedures.

The bank loan reserve ratio is equal to the loan reserve divided by the total assets of the bank, in which the loan reserve includes non-performing loans, sluggish loans and overdue loan reserves.

Upper and lower limits of reserve loan interest rate

The deposit ceiling is 1. 1 times the benchmark interest rate.

There is no upper limit for loans, and the lower limit is 80% of the benchmark interest rate.

The benchmark interest rate in our country is controlled by Yang Ma. It can be said that as long as this is controlled, all economies are under the control of the mother. The upper and lower limits are also set to prevent vicious competition among financial institutions and eventually lead to economic retrogression.

The People's Bank of China (PBOC) is the central bank of People's Republic of China (PRC) and a department of the State Council [1]. Under the leadership of the State Council, formulate and implement monetary policies, prevent and resolve financial risks, and maintain financial stability.

1 948 65438+February1The People's Bank of China was merged into Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province on the basis of North China Bank, Beihai Bank and Northwest Farmers Bank. 1September, 983, the State Council decided that the People's Bank of China should exclusively exercise the functions of the national central bank of China. 1995 March 18, the third session of the Eighth National People's Congress passed the Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China. So far, the People's Bank of China has been legally established as the central bank. [2]

According to the Law of the People's Bank of China of the People's Republic of China, the People's Bank of China, under the leadership of the State Council, independently implements monetary policies, performs its duties and conducts business without interference from local governments, social organizations and individuals. Under the unified planning system, the top-down people's bank system has become the basic means for the state to absorb, mobilize, concentrate and distribute credit funds. With the acceleration of socialist transformation, the private financial industry has been brought into the track of public-private joint banks, forming a centralized and unified financial system. The People's Bank of China, as a national financial management and currency issuing institution, is not only a state organ in charge of finance, but also a state bank in comprehensive banking business.

In line with the highly centralized banking system, a centralized and unified comprehensive credit plan management system has been established since 1953, that is, the national credit funds, regardless of the source or use of funds, are uniformly controlled by the head office of the People's Bank of China, and the management mode of "unified deposit and unified loan" is implemented. The bank credit plan has been incorporated into the national economic plan and has become an important means for the state to manage the economy. The highly centralized national banking system provides comprehensive financial supervision and services for the country's large-scale economic construction.

The People's Bank of China is responsible for organizing and regulating the currency circulation, uniformly operating various credit businesses, and has the functions of comprehensive reflection and monetary supervision in the implementation of the national plan. Banks provide over-quota working capital loans, seasonal loans and a small amount of major repair loans to state-owned enterprises, part of production working capital loans to urban and rural collective economy, individual economy and private economy, and production loans, rations loans and other living loans to poor rural farmers. This system of long-term funds belonging to finance, short-term funds belonging to banks, free funds belonging to finance, paid funds belonging to banks, fixed funds belonging to finance and over-limit funds belonging to banks continued until 1978. Although there have been several changes during this period, the basic pattern has not changed much.

Folding reform and opening up

Transition from National Bank to Central Bank System (1979 to 1992)

1979 1 In order to strengthen the support for the rural economy, the Agricultural Bank of China was restored. In March of the same year, in order to adapt to the new situation of opening to the outside world and the development of international financial business, China Bank was reformed, and China Bank became a national designated foreign exchange professional bank; At the same time, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange was established. Later, the domestic insurance business was resumed and China People's Insurance Company was re-established. Trust and investment companies and urban credit cooperatives have also been established in various places to diversify financial institutions and services.

With the development of the economic and financial institutions of the People's Bank of China, it is urgent to strengthen the unified management and comprehensive coordination of the financial industry. The People's Bank of China assumes the responsibility of the central bank, which has become an urgent issue to improve the financial system and better develop the financial industry. 1In July, 982, the State Council approved the report of the People's Bank of China, further emphasizing that "China People's Bank is the central bank of China, and it is a state organ that manages the national finance under the leadership of the State Council", and thus began the preparatory work for establishing a special central banking system.

If the loan has been made, the central bank will adjust the reserve interest rate, and when will the repayment amount change accordingly? Will it change immediately? Or once a year?

The central bank's adjustment of the reserve interest rate does not affect the repayment amount. If the central bank adjusts the reserve interest rate and causes the adjustment of the benchmark loan interest rate, the repayment amount will change, and different banks will change in different ways.

The calculation of loan interest adopts floating interest rate, and the interest is adjusted with the adjustment of interest rate. Of course, no matter how it is calculated, it has no effect on the interest paid. Will have an impact on the adjusted interest.

After the adjustment of general bank interest rate, the interest rate of the outstanding part of the loan will also be adjusted accordingly. There are three forms:

First, after the bank's interest rate is adjusted, the newly adjusted interest rate will be implemented at the beginning of the following year (ICBC, ABC and CCB are all like this);

The second is annual adjustment, that is, the new interest rate is adjusted and implemented every year of repayment (such is the case with China bank mortgage);

Third, the two sides agreed that the new interest rate level will generally be implemented in the month after the bank's interest rate adjustment.

No matter how the benchmark interest rate is adjusted, the floating (or falling) range remains unchanged, but it is only floating (or falling) on the basis of the new interest rate.

Provident fund loans are changed once a year on 1 month 1 day every year.

Extended data:

Deposit server rate is the interest rate of deposit reserves (statutory deposit reserve and excess deposit reserve) paid by the central bank to financial institutions.

The deposit reserve interest rate is different from the statutory deposit reserve ratio, which refers to the ratio of the statutory reserve required by a country's central bank to the total deposits of commercial banks and deposit-taking financial institutions.

The deposit reserve interest rate is the interest rate paid by this part of the deposit reserve. One is the ratio and the other is the interest rate, which are essentially different.

Interest rate classification

Deposit reserve interest rate is divided into statutory deposit reserve interest rate and excess deposit reserve interest rate.

The statutory deposit reserve is the deposit paid by financial institutions to the central bank according to a certain proportion of their deposits, which is usually determined by the central bank and is called the statutory deposit reserve ratio; If the central bank raises the deposit reserve ratio, financial institutions will increase the deposit reserve paid to the central bank and reduce the issuance of loans, and the money supply of the whole society will decrease accordingly, and vice versa.

Therefore, the deposit reserve ratio is a powerful monetary policy tool.

Excess deposit reserve is the part that financial institutions deposit in the central bank in excess of the statutory deposit reserve. It is mainly used to pay the reserve for liquidation, position allocation or use as assets.

The interest rate of excess deposit reserve is the interest rate implemented by the central bank to calculate and pay the interest on excess deposit reserve.

Some foreign central banks only pay the interest on the statutory deposit reserve, and some do not pay all the interest on the deposit reserve, while China pays all the interest on the deposit reserve, and the interest rate is relatively high.