Japan: US$ 65,438+US$ 34,428.3 million.
Switzerland: USD 89,654.38+USD 220 million.
India: $549.087 billion
Russia: 4570.1800 million USD.
Saudi Arabia: US$ 453.208 billion
South Korea: 41.71.1.300 million USD.
Singapore: $362.088 billion
Brazil: 351.51.90 million USD.
1. Foreign exchange reserves, also known as foreign exchange reserves, refer to foreign exchange assets held by central banks and other government agencies in various countries and can be converted into foreign currency at any time to meet the needs of international payment.
Two: Under normal circumstances, the sources of foreign exchange reserves are trade surplus and capital inflow, which are concentrated in domestic central banks to form foreign exchange reserves. The specific forms are: short-term government deposits abroad or other means of payment that can be cashed abroad, such as foreign securities, checks, promissory notes, foreign currency drafts of foreign banks, etc.
Third, it is mainly used to pay off the balance of payments deficit. When selling a large amount of domestic currency, it uses foreign exchange reserves to buy domestic currency to intervene in the foreign exchange market and maintain the exchange rate of domestic currency.
Four: the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves will make the export enterprises go bankrupt with irreparable costs. At the same time, holding a large amount of foreign exchange reserves in the form of paper money opens the door for foreign exchange issuing countries to escape debts through inflation, which will lead to huge exchange losses of foreign exchange holding countries and bank bankruptcy.
Generally speaking, increasing foreign exchange reserves can not only enhance macro-control ability, but also help to maintain the international reputation of countries and enterprises, expand international trade, attract foreign investment, reduce the financing cost of domestic enterprises, and prevent and resolve international financial risks.
The appropriate level of foreign exchange reserves depends on many factors, such as the import and export situation, the scale of foreign debt, the actual use of foreign capital and so on. Foreign exchange reserves should be kept at a moderate level according to the comparison of income and cost and these conditions.