Production determines consumption, and production determines the way and object of consumption. In recent years, the production of commercial housing, buildings, automobiles and other commodities has caused consumption. Consumption patterns have changed. Second, the country's economic growth and residents' income have increased. Income is one of the reasons that affect consumption. With the increase of income, purchasing power increases, so the number of loan projects increases. Third, the psychological impact of consumption. Both conformity psychology and comparison psychology have affected loan consumption.

Second, the political economy of high school briefly explains the reasons for the development of loan consumption in China, as well as the reasons for social economy and consumption.

Production determines consumption, and production determines the way and object of consumption. In recent years, commodities have caused consumption. Consumption patterns have changed.

Second, the country's economic growth and residents' income have increased. Income is one of the reasons that affect consumption. Income increases, purchasing power increases, so loan projects increase.

Public psychology, comparison psychology and so on all affect the loan consumption.

Third, the content of political economy in senior one.

1, the meaning of goods? What are the basic attributes of commodities?

Commodities are products of labor used for exchange. The basic attributes of commodities are use value (the attribute that commodities can meet people's needs) and value (undifferentiated human labor condensed in commodities).

2. What is the meaning of money? The essence of money? What is the basic function of money?

Money is a commodity separated from commodities and permanently acts as a universal equivalent. The essence of money is universal equivalent.

The basic function of money is the measure of value (money itself is valuable, it is a commodity, and the form of realizing the measure of value with money is only conceptual money, not real money) and circulation means (money acts as the medium of commodity exchange, and the form of realizing circulation means with money can only use real money, not conceptual money).

3. The law of currency circulation? Formula?

Total price of commodities, quantity and price of commodities for sale

Amount of money needed in circulation = =

Currency circulation era

4. What is the meaning of exchange rate? What is the rise and fall of foreign exchange rate?

Exchange rate, also known as exchange rate, is the exchange rate between two currencies.

If 100 unit of foreign currency is converted into more RMB, it means that the foreign currency exchange rate has risen; On the contrary, it means that the foreign currency exchange rate has fallen.

5. Why should China keep the value of RMB stable?

(1) Keep the overall price level stable internally; (2) Maintain the stability of RMB exchange rate;

(3) It is conducive to the stability of people's lives and the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy;

(4) Conducive to world financial stability and economic development;

(5) It is conducive to expanding employment and alleviating the employment pressure in China;

(6) It is conducive to achieving macroeconomic goals such as economic growth and balance of payments.

6. What is the effect of supply and demand on price?

Demand exceeds supply, prices rise-supply exceeds demand in seller's market, prices fall-buyer's market.

7. What is the relationship between price and value?

Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value.

8. The value of commodities is directly proportional to the socially necessary labor time, and the value of commodities is inversely proportional to the social labor productivity.

9, the content and form of the law of value?

The basic content of the law of value is that the value of goods is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing the goods, and the exchange of goods is based on value.

The performance of the law of value is that commodity prices are affected by the relationship between supply and demand and fluctuate around the value.

10. What will be the impact of price changes?

(1) influences people's lives;

Generally speaking, prices rise and purchases decrease; Prices drop and purchases increase.

(2) The demand of different commodities has different responses to price changes. Price changes have little effect on the demand for daily necessities, but have great influence on the demand for high-grade durable goods.

(3) Consumers' demand for given commodities will also be affected by the price changes of related commodities. The price change of substitutes has the same influence on both parties, while the price change of complementary goods has the opposite influence on both parties.

(2) Impact on production and operation:

① Adjust production ② Improve labor productivity ③ Produce marketable quality products.

1 1. What are the factors that affect consumption?

Consumption is influenced by many factors, mainly residents' income and price level. There are also the performance, quality, appearance, packaging and advertising of commodities, as well as the level of social and economic development, demographic factors and social change laws.

12. What is the significance of loan consumption? Conditions?

Loan consumption refers to the purchase of houses, cars and other commodities. One-time payment may exceed the ability of some buyers, who maliciously consider paying future income in advance for consumption. Conditions: For young people with stable income, optimistic about future income and little savings, loan consumption is feasible.

13, the meaning of consumption structure? Influencing factors? Changing trend?

Consumption structure refers to the proportion of all kinds of consumption expenditure to total consumption expenditure. The influencing factors are economic development and income change, and the direction of change follows the needs of survival, development and enjoyment.

14, the meaning of Engel coefficient? The meaning of change?

Engel's coefficient refers to the proportion of food expenditure to total household expenditure.

If Engel's coefficient is too large, it will inevitably affect other consumption expenditures, especially the increase of development materials and enjoyment materials, and limit the improvement of consumption level and quality. The decline of Engel's coefficient shows that people's living standards have improved and the consumption structure has improved.

15. What are the main consumer psychology that affects people's consumption behavior?

(1) consumption caused by conformity psychology (2) consumption caused by difference psychology.

(3) Consumption caused by comparison psychology (4) Consumption caused by realistic psychology.

16 how to be a rational consumer?

(1) Live within our means and consume moderately (2) Avoid blind obedience and consume rationally.

(3) Environmental protection and green consumption (4) Diligence.

17, the significance of green consumption? Features?

Green consumption is the general name of all kinds of consumption behaviors aimed at protecting consumers' health and saving resources, which meet the standards of human health and environmental protection, and the core is sustainable consumption. It has the characteristics of saving resources and reducing pollution; Green life, environmental protection procurement; Reuse and reuse; Classified recycling, recycling; Only by protecting nature can everything survive.

18, why insist on thrift?

Diligence and hard work are the traditional virtues and fine style of the Chinese nation. This spirit can help us overcome the difficulties in material life and make new achievements. Practice shows that it is difficult for a nation without the spirit of hard struggle to stand on its own feet. It is difficult for a person without the spirit of hard struggle to overcome difficulties and achieve his career. As a kind of spiritual wealth, efforts should be carried forward at any time.

19, the dialectical relationship between production and consumption?

(1) Production determines consumption.

(1) Production determines the consumer. (2) The way in which production determines consumption.

③ Production determines the quality and level of consumption. ④ Production creates power for consumption.

(2) Consumption counteracts production.

① Consumption is the purpose of production. ② Consumption plays a guiding role.

③ Consumption is the driving force of production. ④ Consumption creates new labor force for production.

20. Why should China vigorously develop the productive forces? How to develop?

Why:

(1) Reason: ① The production of material data is the material basis for the existence and development of human society.

(2) The social essential requirements determined by the main social contradictions.

(2) Significance: ① Only by vigorously developing productive forces can we establish a solid material and technical foundation for consolidating the socialist system;

Only by vigorously developing productive forces can we get rid of the backwardness of economy and culture, narrow the gap left over from the history of developed countries, catch up with or even surpass developed countries, and fully demonstrate the superiority of socialism;

Only by vigorously developing productive forces can we continuously enhance our comprehensive national strength and improve China's international status.

How about:

(1) adhere to the party's basic line, adhere to economic construction as the center, concentrate on construction, and seek development wholeheartedly;

(2) comprehensively improve the quality of workers;

(3) accelerating the development of science and technology and promoting scientific and technological progress and innovation;

(D) Through reform and improvement of the basic socialist system, Socialism with Chinese characteristics will be full of vigor and vitality.

2 1. What is the significance of the shareholding system reform of public-owned enterprises?

(1) can enhance the vitality of public ownership economy; (2) Improve the operational efficiency of enterprises and capital;

(3) expanding the control scope of public capital; (4) Strengthen the main role of public ownership.

22, the dominant position of public ownership is reflected in what aspects?

The dominant position of public ownership is mainly reflected in: first, public assets occupy a dominant position in the total assets of society.

Second, the state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in economic development. The leading role of state-owned economy is mainly reflected in its control.

23. What is the basic economic system in the primary stage of socialism in China?

The basic economic system in the primary stage of socialism in China is that public ownership is the main body and various ownership economies develop together. (China's public ownership economy includes state-owned and collective components in state-owned economy, collective economy and mixed ownership economy. )

24. What's the difference between a limited liability company and a joint stock limited company?

The biggest difference is whether it is possible to issue shares to the public and raise funds by issuing shares.

25. How to keep the company growing?

(1) The company should formulate a correct business strategy.

(2) Companies should rely on technological progress and scientific management to form their own competitive advantages.

(3) The company should operate in good faith and establish a good reputation and corporate image.

26. What is the reputation and image of the enterprise? Why should we establish a good reputation and image? How to build?

The reputation and image of an enterprise is the impression left by its products and services in the society, as well as the evaluation and recognition received.

Reason: (1) As an intangible asset, the reputation and image of an enterprise are unique to the enterprise and formed through long-term efforts.

(2) It permeates every link of enterprise management, and continues and updates with the development of enterprises, and finally forms the competitive advantage of enterprises in the market through products and services.

(3) Whether the company operates in good faith is related to the success or failure of the enterprise.

How to conduct fair competition mainly depends on improving quality, improving technology, reducing costs and creating famous brands to win the competition; Oppose acts of unfair competition such as counterfeiting and commercial fraud.

27. What role does honesty play in economic life and personal life?

(1) Honesty and trustworthiness are the important foundation and "lifeline" of market economy. Advocating the principle of honesty and credit is conducive to standardizing the market economic order and promoting the healthy, rapid and coordinated development of the socialist market.

(2) Honesty is the principle of "standing in the world". Honesty and trustworthiness will be supported, benefited and respected by banks. On the contrary, breaking promises will damage your image and bring you a lot of inconvenience.

28. Why should we pay attention to employment?

(1) Necessity: ① Labor force is important. The situation is grim: the total population and labor force in China are relatively large; The quality of labor force does not fully meet the needs of social and economic development; The labor market is imperfect and the employment information is not smooth.

(2) Importance: ① Social production: it is the foundation of people's livelihood and produces the wealth needed by society.

(2) For workers: get paid through employment, thus obtaining the source of life, so that the social labor force can reproduce continuously; At the same time, help them realize social value, enrich their spiritual life and improve their spiritual realm, thus promoting people's all-round development.

29. How to solve the employment problem?

(1) Employment policy of the Party and the government: Starting from the fundamental interests of the broad masses of the people, the Party and the government put the expansion of employment in a prominent position in economic and social development, implemented a positive employment policy, and strived to improve the employment and entrepreneurial environment.

(2) Laborers: Every laborer should carry forward the spirit of hard struggle and self-improvement, get rid of old ideas and habits that are incompatible with the socialist market economy, establish a correct concept of choosing a job, open up a new life with his own hands, and show the elegance of ordinary and great socialist workers.

① Establish the concept of self-employment; ② Establish the concept of competitive employment; ③ Establish the concept of occupational equality; ④ Establish employment concept in various ways.

30. What are the investment methods? How to invest is scientific?

The investment methods are:

(1) deposit and savings: characterized by flexibility, convenience, safety and low income. The main businesses of commercial banks are deposit business, loan business and settlement business. )

(2) buying stocks: high risk and high return.

(3) Buy bonds: invest steadily.

(4) Buying commercial insurance: investment to avoid risks.

(5) Direct investment, etc.

Note: (1) Pay attention to the return on investment and the risk of investment.

(2) We should pay attention to the diversification of investment, not limited to bank savings. The continuous improvement of China's financial market has brought us more investment opportunities.

(3) Investment should be based on one's own economic strength.

(4) Investment should take into account both personal interests and national interests, so as to benefit the country and the people and not violate national laws and policies.

3 1. What is the distribution system in the primary stage of China?

China implements the distribution system with distribution according to work as the main body and multiple modes of distribution coexisting.

Distribution according to work is the basic principle of individual consumer goods distribution in socialist public ownership economy. Its basic content and requirements are: in the public ownership economy, after all kinds of necessary deductions are made for the total social products, individual consumer goods are distributed according to the labor provided by workers for the society, so as to achieve more for more work and less for less. Various modes of distribution refer to distribution according to individual labor achievements of workers and distribution according to production factors. The factors of production involved in income distribution mainly include labor, capital, technology and management. )

32. What is the dialectical relationship between efficiency and fairness? How to achieve the unity of the two (how to implement "efficiency first, giving consideration to fairness")

Efficiency and fairness are the relationship of unity of opposites. First, the two are consistent. On the one hand, efficiency is the material premise of fairness, on the other hand, fairness is the premise.

The guarantee of high economic benefits. Second, the two are a pair of contradictions. Improving efficiency is bound to sacrifice some fairness or ensure fairness, and some efficiency must be given up.

How to: ① Allow and encourage some regions and individuals to get rich first through honest labor and legal operation, and drive other regions and individuals to get rich first, so as to finally achieve common prosperity.

② Oppose egalitarianism and prevent the income gap from being too large; It is necessary to implement the distribution policy and advocate dedication; While encouraging people to start businesses and get rich, they advocate giving back to society and helping the rich first.

③ Correctly handle the relationship between efficiency in primary distribution and fairness in redistribution, and the state regulates the income gap to ensure the basic livelihood of low-income people.

33, the source of fiscal revenue? What are the influencing factors?

Fiscal revenue is divided into tax revenue, profit revenue, debt revenue and other income. Among them, tax is the main source of fiscal revenue.

There are many factors that affect fiscal revenue, mainly the level of economic development and distribution policy.

34. What are the great functions of finance?

(1) Concentrate on major events: ① Promote infrastructure construction and optimize resource allocation. (2) Adjust the economy smoothly.

③ Promote sustained and coordinated economic and social development.

(2) People's livelihood is guaranteed: ① Finance is the material guarantee for consolidating state power. (2) Finance is the material guarantee for establishing and perfecting the social public service system. ③ Finance is the material guarantee for realizing fair income distribution, perfecting social security system and improving people's life.

35. Taxation is compulsory, free and fixed.

Personal income tax is a tax levied by the state on personal income. The characteristic is that high-income earners pay more taxes and low-income earners pay less taxes. Personal income tax is

The main source of national fiscal revenue is also an effective means to adjust personal income distribution and realize social equity.

36. Why should I pay taxes according to law? How?

(1) Reason: ① The nature of taxation: take it from the people and use it for the people.

② State: In China, national interests, collective interests and individual interests are basically the same. The prosperity of the country.

Strength is closely related to every citizen; The realization of state functions must be based on taxes paid by all social strata.

(3) Individuals: According to the principle of the unity of rights and obligations, citizens must undertake obligations while enjoying the services provided by the state.

Pay taxes in good faith. Therefore, paying taxes according to law is the basic obligation of our citizens.

(2) Requirements: ① Individuals: enhance taxpayers' awareness of rights and obligations, consciously pay taxes in good faith according to law, and actively exercise taxpayers' rights. Citizens should strengthen their sense of supervision over state officials and public power, actively pay attention to the collection and use of state taxes as masters, and criticize and report the waste of state-owned assets in order to safeguard the interests of the people and the country.

(2) State: improve the tax and financial system; Intensify inspection and punishment, and severely punish tax violations; Standardize tax collection and management and plug loopholes; Strengthen tax publicity and educate people to pay taxes consciously according to law.

37. What are the violations of the tax law? (tax evasion, tax arrears, tax fraud, tax evasion)

38. Why should we establish a social credit system? How to build it?

(1) Reason: Importance: Honesty and trustworthiness are indispensable conditions for the normal operation of modern market economy.

Necessity: Lack of honesty will lead to market disorder, rampant fraud, and then lead to insufficient investment, shrinking transactions and economic recession.

(2) Requirements: ① State: It is the fundamental policy to standardize the market order to form a social credit system supported by morality and guaranteed by law. cut

Strengthen the construction of social credit, vigorously establish and improve the social credit system, especially accelerate the establishment of credit supervision and disciplinary system for dishonesty.

Economic activists: require producers to improve their own quality and professional ethics, and consciously regulate their own business behavior; Raise awareness of consumer requirements, safeguard consumers' legitimate rights and interests in accordance with the law, and abide by social ethics.

③ Society: Give full play to the supervisory role of public opinion. 4 citizens: regulate the rules of conduct.

39. What are the limitations of market regulation?

(1) Market regulation is not everything. (2) There are inherent disadvantages in market regulation, such as spontaneity, blindness and lag.

(3) Consequence: If only the market regulates, it will lead to inefficient resource allocation and waste of resources; Social and economic instability, economic fluctuation and chaos; Unfair income distribution, widening income gap and even serious polarization.

40. What are the basic characteristics of the socialist market economy?

(1) Adhere to the dominant position of public ownership. (2) Take * * * prosperity as the fundamental goal. (3) Strong macro-control can be implemented.

4 1, why should we strengthen national macro-control?

(1) The lack of market regulation has inherent disadvantages such as spontaneity, blindness and lag.

(2) It is determined by the socialist nature of our country.

(3) the goal of socialist public ownership and * * * getting rich.

(4) It can promote the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy and maintain the vitality of economic development.

42. The main objectives of macro-control in China are to promote economic growth, increase employment, stabilize prices and maintain the balance of international payments. National application classics

Economic means, legal means and necessary administrative means to achieve the goal of macro-control.

43. What is Scientific Outlook on Development? Why insist on Scientific Outlook on Development?

Scientific Outlook on Development includes people-oriented (essence and core), all-round development, coordinated development and sustainable development.

Reason: (1) One-sided pursuit of rapid economic growth has brought a series of social problems, even "growth without development", resulting in resource shortage, environmental pollution and ecological destruction.

(2) Scientific Outlook on Development is the great achievement of our party in emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, advancing with the times and innovating in theory. It can promote the all-round development of socialist material civilization, political civilization, spiritual civilization construction and harmonious society construction, and the great cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics can move forward more forcefully.

44. How to promote sustained and coordinated economic development?

(1) The fundamental measure is to develop the economy. It is the fundamental task of our country to concentrate on socialist modernization. )

(2) The specific measures are: ① Optimizing the industrial structure; ② Take the road of new industrialization; ③ Coordinating urban and rural development; ④ Coordinate regional development.

45. What are the main manifestations of economic globalization? Essence?

(1) is mainly manifested in the globalization of production, trade and capital.

(2) It is essentially dominated by developed capital countries.

46. How do developing countries cope with economic globalization? "Double-edged sword"

Seize the opportunity, actively participate, seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, guard against risks and bravely meet challenges.

47. What is the impact of China's accession to the World Trade Organization?

Positive impact: it is conducive to opening wider to the outside world and winning a better international environment for China's economic development; It is conducive to promoting economic system reform and strategic adjustment of economic structure, and enhancing China's economic development vitality and international competitiveness.

Negative effects: bring survival crisis to many domestic enterprises; Impose certain restrictive measures on China products; Anti-dumping lawsuits will increase.

48. China has made great achievements in opening to the outside world, and gradually formed an all-round, wide-ranging and multi-level opening pattern. Adhering to the combination of "bringing in" and "going out" is the basic strategy for China to comprehensively improve the level of opening up.

49. What is the relationship between "bringing in" strategy and "going out" strategy?

Since the reform and opening up, China has always been an "exotic". Implementing the strategy of "going out" is an important measure in the new stage of China's opening to the outside world.

From "bringing in" to "going out" means that China's opening up has reached a new level.

50. In the process of opening to the outside world, China must adhere to the principle of independence and self-reliance, take the initiative to guard against risks and consciously safeguard national economic security.