(1) collectivism and individualism
In international business activities, there are differences between Chinese and western cultures in the concept of individual-based competition and group-based harmony:
Western business people have a strong sense of personal struggle and competition, emphasizing the role of individuals, and usually individuals have enough rights to deal with all kinds of daily and unexpected affairs. Enterprises encourage employees to struggle and innovate constantly. Personal ability is based on individual's actual business performance and combines personal ability with enterprise's reward and compensation.
China's corporate culture often emphasizes that individual interests are subordinate to group interests, and corporate interests are subordinate to national interests. Personal achievements are shared by enterprises and countries. An individual's achievement depends not on how outstanding his personal ability is, but on how much he has contributed to the public welfare of enterprises and countries. Harmony, as a cultural value with profound historical tradition, is fair, equitable and stable in the business activities of enterprises.
(II) Power distance
Power distance refers to the degree to which people in a society accept the fact that power distribution is unequal.
Countries with a high degree of acceptance tend to make decisions from top to bottom, with a large distance of rights and a clear social hierarchy. Countries with low acceptance have a small power distance, and the relationship between people is more equal, and they tend to make decisions from bottom to top. Although the basic idea that "all human beings are born equal" has long been given in the American Declaration of Human Rights. In fact, all individuals in every culture cannot enjoy equal social status and rights. People in different cultures enjoy different treatment because of their personal wealth, age, gender, education, physical strength, achievements, family background and occupation. The difference is that in the "high power distance" culture, everyone has his own protected position according to the social hierarchy, the social hierarchy and inequality are reasonable and effective, and the authority has the right to use any means for any purpose. Eastern countries such as China belong to "high power" culture. The so-called "low power" believes that society should try to narrow the hierarchy difference, people should dare to challenge authority and eliminate hierarchy, and power can only be used for legal purposes. Western countries such as Australia, Denmark, New Zealand and the United States belong to the "low power" culture.
In regulating and handling business disputes, China people are used to avoiding the law and focusing on solving them from the perspective of ethics. Some people pay more attention to official management than the rule of law, and are used to "backstage" transactions, taking this "smooth" method for granted. Business disputes occur, first of all, I hope to win the support of public opinion and I am not used to using the law. Westerners, on the contrary, think more about problems from the legal point of view, and usually handle disputes by legal means, regardless of conscience and morality. Western culture is a contract culture. They attach great importance to the accuracy and authority of the contract, and once the contract takes effect, it will be strictly enforced. However, in the tradition of oriental culture, more attention is paid to credibility and trust. Behind this difference is actually the difference in values, whether it is the difference between rules and regulations or human feelings. In terms of how to treat the relationship between employees and enterprises, western enterprises pay attention to the concept of law and contract, which permeates all aspects of enterprise management. Contracts or enterprise rules and established work plan procedures and regulations have supreme status, and the entrusted agents of enterprises or companies can have the right to cancel all unwritten regulations. The traditional ethical thought of oriental culture pays attention to the relationship between human relations and friendship, and pursues psychological identity and harmony.
(3) Uncertainty Avoidance
The so-called uncertainty avoidance refers to the degree to which people tolerate vague or uncertain threats. In any society, people will feel threatened by uncertain, vague and uncertain situations, and always try to prevent them. Weak "uncertainty avoidance" culture is easy to tolerate non-traditional behaviors and is good at coping with pressure and anxiety through uncertain factors and ambiguous situations, so people are more proactive, more flexible and more comfortable in communication, such as Denmark, Jamaica, Ireland and the United States. In the strong "uncertainty avoidance" culture, people are used to living in a certain environment, pursuing a stable living and working environment, thinking that change will bring a turbulent environment, and taking risk avoidance as their core values. Such countries include Greece, Portugal, Uruguay, Japan and China. It should be noted that uncertainty avoidance should distinguish between specific fields (or points) and not generalize in general.
(4) Masculinity and femininity
Masculinity and femininity are mainly used as the dominant values in society. For example, in countries with prominent masculinity, the sense of social competition is strong, and the measure of success is wealth and fame, and work takes precedence over other responsibilities. People advocate solving conflicts in organizations in a showdown way, and their culture emphasizes fairness, competition and work performance; In countries with prominent femininity, the concept of quality of life is more attractive to people. People are generally willing to solve conflicts in organizations by means of reconciliation and negotiation. Their culture emphasizes equality and unity, and thinks that the most important thing in life is not material possession, but spiritual communication. Research shows that Scandinavian countries have strong cultural flexibility; Japan and Austria have the strongest cultural rigidity.
The United States is a country with a strong degree of masculinity. Major decisions of enterprises are usually made by top management. Employees often change jobs and lack a sense of identity with enterprises, so employees usually do not actively participate in management. China is a feminine society, paying attention to harmony and morality, and advocating the spirit of actively entering the WTO.
(5) High-background culture and low-background culture
Also called "strong environment" culture and "weak environment" culture. In cross-cultural communication, strong environment and weak environment culture involve the relationship between communication and communication environment. When people communicate in strong environment culture, there is more information contained in social and cultural environment and situations, or internalized in the communicators themselves. Relatively speaking, language itself carries less information. This means that in a strong environmental culture, the environment (including body language) can express the meaning of the communicator better than words, which also explains why what China people don't say is sometimes more important than what they say. In the weak communication environment culture, most of the information generated in the communication process is loaded by explicit codes, that is, directly expressed and transmitted by words. Relatively speaking, only a small amount of information needs to be expressed through the environment. The difference between China and the West in this respect is very wide. China culture belongs to strong communicative environment culture, while the west belongs to weak communicative environment culture. In cross-cultural communication and exchange, there are differences in verbal dialogue, non-verbal communication, spatial distance, time concept and so on. This is why China attaches importance to "understanding" when communicating, while Americans attach importance to "speaking" when communicating. Therefore, China people are often implicit, implicit, rarely exposed, close interpersonal relationships, and highly flexible time handling; Americans, on the other hand, tend to be explicit, clear, reactive, not close in interpersonal relationship and highly organized in time.
(VI) Time value orientation
Time value orientation refers to the values held by members of a certain culture towards the passage of time, which mainly involves two levels: one is the orientation of time, that is, whether a nation and country pay attention to the past, the present or the future; Another
level is the use of time, that is, time is linear-whether one thing should be done in one time or time is nonlinear-and multiple things can be done at the same time.
China culture pays attention to the past and the present, and pays less attention to the future; American culture pays little attention to the past, focusing mainly on the present and the future. In the past-oriented culture, past experiences and events are the most important, so people should respect tradition and wisdom handed down from their ancestors. When solving practical problems, it is always correct to look for "prescriptions" in the long river of history. In a future-oriented culture, I believe that tomorrow or some time in the future is the most important thing. What I am doing now is not for performance, but for potential benefits in the future. Many countries in Europe and America belong to this culture that values the future. The difference of time value orientation is reflected in business activities. Americans pay more attention to planning, have a strong sense of time and regard time as a limited resource. What are the similarities and differences between China's higher education and developed countries?
China's higher education is a kind of educational model which is eager for quick success and instant benefit, mercenary, and graded by examination only. Higher education in developed countries is an educational model based on professional, technical and academic education. Therefore, under the current education mode in China, it is impossible to cultivate high-end talents. What are the similarities and differences between parking characteristics in big cities in China and those in developed countries?
China is out of order, while developed countries are in order.
this is related to the planning level of the country. What are the differences between China's CPI and western developed countries?
1. Judging whether the economy is overheated from the price index. In all kinds of analysis about the current economic situation "cold" and "hot", what we see most is the argument about CPI (Consumer Price Index), PPI (Factory Price Index of Industrial Products), GDP (Gross Domestic Product) deflator and other indicators about the price index level. A few years ago, people were worried about deflation, and people gradually agreed to take below -1% in western countries as the standard for deflation. Worried about inflation in the past two years, people seem to have turned around again, forgetting that developed market economies generally use 3% to 4% or more as the measure of inflation. According to the latest estimate and forecast of the national authority, the CPI of China this year (27) is 3%. Therefore, the price index of China is still in the moderate range of-1% ~ 3%. Judging from the driving factors of total supply and total demand, the possibility of inflation and deflation is relatively small, and macro-control is suitable for fine-tuning.
In the face of the fear of possible inflation in China's economy, the best theoretical "medicine" is to review our analysis of the low CPI. At that time, it was believed that the main reasons for China's low consumer price were as follows: first, economic globalization and internationalization of industrial division of labor made each country have the opportunity to give full play to its comparative advantages, so that factors of production could be allocated on a global scale, which could reduce production costs and improve labor productivity; Now, has this trend of improving labor productivity changed? Obviously not. On the contrary, with the rapid accumulation of human capital in China and the production of products at the higher end of the value chain, the China market has a stronger ability to digest excessive demand and high cost. Second, China's labor supply is very abundant, and the implementation of social security system is not in place, resulting in artificially low labor costs; Now, as China's economy approaches the turning point of "dual economy" as a whole, the labor cost inevitably needs to be raised. However, this increase is largely offset by the improvement of labor productivity. Third, the high savings rate, high foreign exchange reserves and a large number of foreign direct investment bring relatively cheap capital prices; Obviously, there is no sign of change in this trend today. Fourth, due to the competition between regions, the utilization of resources is still unreasonable, and the protection of the environment is still not in place; This situation is a severe challenge for China's economy at present. However, if we still insist on the low-end production of the global value chain as the main body, this challenge may cause China's economic and social collapse, rather than inflation. If we take this challenge as an opportunity to realize industrial upgrading and new industrialization, as well as the transformation of growth mode and development mode, then the rising cost of resources and environment will not necessarily lead to inflation, just as western developed countries have experienced. Fifth, in recent years, large-scale investment in fixed assets has formed a centralized release of production capacity, and excessive production capacity may form a situation in which total supply exceeds total demand; Judging from the factors that promote the increase of production prices at home and abroad, whether it is the increase of agricultural products and housing rental prices or the increase of energy and raw materials prices, its impact is local and short-term, and it is still effectively restricted by other total supply factors. Sixth, there is a relatively closed self-circulation between China's fixed assets investment, investment product production industry and investment product price, which makes it difficult for the price increase of upstream products to be transmitted to the consumer price. This is an inevitable phenomenon in the process of equipment renewal and re-industrialization in China. Before the industrialization of China is completed, China's price digestion ability cannot be ignored. What are the similarities and differences between environmental problems in developed and developing countries?
The environment in developed countries is getting worse, because they put all the heavily polluting enterprises in developing countries, while the environment in developing countries is getting worse. They blindly pursue development and ignore the environment.
The gap between China and western developed countries
Abroad, it is always supported by * * *, and any working class can live in a villa with a garden and a lawn, with a private car and a car. From elementary school to high school, you don't have to spend a penny. When you grow up, you have a comfortable job and good social welfare. You can pursue your dreams and do what you like. This is called life.
China can't afford to go to school. Many children in mountainous areas even don't have enough to eat and wear warm clothes, and pay taxes to the state in large amounts. However, * * * doesn't give you any social welfare you deserve. You can be beaten by urban management when you walk casually in the street, and you can exchange cheap labor for the abnormal rise of your country. You have paid a lot of work but you can't get the reward you deserve. You can't afford to raise children, you can't give them a good education, and you have to pay for yourself when you buy a red scarf. Those who have money are getting richer and richer, and those who have no money are getting poorer and poorer. They can't have dreams, because they can't afford to pursue them. They can only struggle in a colorful city, use cheap labor to maintain their food and clothing, and they can't buy a house all their lives. This is called survival.
Moreover, people in China and western countries have different basic qualities. We can't say that all foreigners are good people, but it is undeniable that foreigners are simpler than us.
We like to beat around the bush, but people in other countries may be much simpler. What are the similarities and differences between Panasonic corporate culture and state-owned enterprises?
Similarities: In terms of company organizational structure, it is similar to the traditional system of state-owned enterprises in China. The structure of the division of labor between the general deputy manager and various functional departments, and the departments are equipped with classes, departments, lines, classes and other units in turn, which are complete and strict in grade. Everyone attaches great importance to the ideological education of the company and the construction of corporate culture. However, the promotion of employees is slow and step by step. The welfare is better and the job is more stable.
difference: in terms of ideological education of the company, Panasonic mainly inculcates business ideas, while state-owned enterprises mainly provide political and ideological guidance.
In terms of personnel training, Panasonic spends a lot of money on staff training and has a complete training system. Moreover, Panasonic Wanbao does not accept employees who have changed jobs, but only recruits young students who have just graduated from school and have no work experience, and shapes them into "Panasonic people". State-owned enterprises lack training for employees, while companies