/kloc-the "black triangle trade" that began in the 0/6th century is the slave trade. European slave traders set out from their own countries and loaded salt, cloth, rum and so on. In Africa, they were turned into slaves and crossed the Atlantic along the so-called "central route". In America, they were turned into sugar, tobacco and rice. In western Europe, near the Gulf of Guinea in Africa and between the West Indies in America, the route is roughly triangular. Because the trafficked person is black, it is also called "black triangle transaction". It lasted for 400 years. (1) mainly refers to17-18th century European and American businessmen's circular trade activities, transporting cheap industrial products to Africa in exchange for slaves, transporting slaves to America for sale, buying back raw materials from America, making goods and then transporting them to Africa in exchange for slaves. Because its trade involves Europe, America and Africa, it is called. (2) Trade among the three countries (regions) is balanced. See "multilateral trade". An analysis of the historical and geographical reasons for the smooth progress of the "Black Triangle Trade"1At the end of May, with Columbus' discovery of the new American continent, new routes were opened between Europe and the United States. At that time, commerce was developing and trade was expanding. From a global perspective, Europe and Asia have developed commerce and trade. For western European and northern European countries, Asia is undoubtedly thousands of miles apart, while America and Africa are much closer, which provides favorable factors for "black triangle trade". As a result, Portugal, Spain, Britain, France and so on began colonial expansion. They set up plantations and developed gold and silver mines in the United States. Because of the need for a large number of cheap labor, driven by profits, the colonists turned their greedy eyes to the uncivilized African continent and started the evil slave trade. According to records, in 1562, Sir John Hawkins of England brought slaves from Sierra Leone in exchange for hides and sugar in Haiti, and became the richest man in Portsmouth after returning home. Because of the amazing profits, Queen Elizabeth and Privy Council officials also invested in his second voyage. He followed the previous steps and came back with a shipment of silver, becoming the richest man in Britain. It is precisely because of the government's acquiescence in the slave trade that the slave trade is becoming more and more rampant. All the European colonial countries participated. At first, the slave traders plundered the blacks, but later they changed their strategy and adopted the so-called trade method. The process of slave trade has three parts. First of all, slave ship, a European slave trader loaded with inferior goods, set out from European ports and arrived in Africa. This is called "going out". At that time, capitalism in European colonial countries developed rapidly, and a large number of products decided that they could be exchanged for blacks. Slave ship reached Africa with ocean currents. One is the canary cold current, which is located on the northwest coast of Africa at latitude 45? 0? 2 or so to north latitude 15? 0? 2 or so, belonging to the compensation current; The second is the Guinea Warm Current, which flows along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in Africa and is also the compensation current. When the slave traders arrived in Africa, they exchanged low-value goods for young and strong blacks. At that time, the black tribes and their tribal leaders, who were still in a barbaric and ignorant state, were bought by slave traders like commodities under the influence of slave traders. Then, slave ship, full of blacks, crossed the Atlantic along the central route and reached America, which is called "middle distance". Ships carrying African blacks to the United States are often overloaded, and ships with 400 to 500 people are fully crowded with nearly a thousand people. When a black man gets on the boat and enters the warehouse, he is equivalent to entering a living coffin. The air in the engine room is dirty and the food supplied is extremely poor, which makes people easily infected with various diseases. Black people who died of illness or contracted various epidemics were thrown into the sea, which was quite painful. After arriving at their destination, blacks were sold to mines or plantations as slaves. Just like sailing, slave ship follows the ocean current, which is the north equatorial ocean current and belongs to the wind ocean current. This ocean current crosses the Atlantic Ocean and reaches the West Indies. Southeast North America has a typical subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate. In winter, due to the influence of cold and dry air currents in the mainland, there is not much precipitation. In summer, affected by the warm and humid air current in the ocean, there is more precipitation, which is suitable for planting rice and tea. Central America and the West Indies belong to the tropical rainforest climate, with high temperature and rainy all year round, which is suitable for the growth of sugarcane. Due to the suitable climate and the hard work of slaves under the oppression of colonists, the plantation developed rapidly, and the plantation owners obtained a lot of raw materials such as sugar, tobacco and tea, and earned great wealth. While developing plantations, the colonists plundered a large number of precious metals such as gold and silver in America, and Latin America produced gold, silver and precious stones. In addition to plundering unique tropical agricultural products from there, the colonists also plundered more precious metals and mineral products. The Mexican Plateau and the Andes are rich in precious metal minerals. 1550 or so, Mexico provides one third of the world's total silver consumption, and Peru's silver production accounts for half of the world's silver production. This has become one of the important sources of bourgeois primitive accumulation of capital. Finally, ships loaded with gold, silver and raw materials return to Europe, which is called "return trip". On the way back, the ship is still sailing downstream, and the ocean currents are the Mexican warm current and the North Atlantic warm current. The Mexican warm current belongs to compensation current, which compensates for the decrease of seawater caused by the North Atlantic warm current from south to north along the Florida Peninsula. The North Atlantic Warm Current is formed by the west wind. The gold, silver and raw materials brought back greatly promoted the development of capitalism, which was also an important reason for the smooth progress of the slave trade. Conclusion16th century to19th century, the "black triangle trade" in the North Atlantic, the development of capitalism and the acquiescence of the government, the crazy pursuit of profits by European colonists and the ignorance of African people due to the primitive social structure are the main historical reasons for the smooth progress of the "black triangle trade". The triangular circulation composed of Canary Cold Current, Guinea Warm Current, North Equatorial Warm Current, Mexico Warm Current and North Atlantic Warm Current provided extremely favorable shipping conditions for the "Black Triangle Trade", which made the slave traders always have a smooth journey, middle distance and return journey, thus accelerating the slave trade. America's suitable climatic conditions and rich gold and silver mineral resources have made plantations and mining industries develop rapidly, generating huge profits, which is the main driving force of the whole black triangle trade and objectively provides favorable geographical conditions for the "black triangle trade". Therefore, under the historical trend of capitalist development and favorable geographical conditions, the "black triangle trade" has been carried out smoothly for hundreds of years with huge profits as the driving force. The process of sailing in Europe → Africa (buying slaves) → America (selling slaves to make huge profits: cash crops such as silver and tobacco) → Returning to Europe (developing capitalism) Edit this paragraph. triangle trade introduces the second triangle trade, which can be understood as third-party logistics (3PL), which means that the operators providing logistics services are third parties other than the supply and demand sides of commodities. The third party is aimed at the logistics service operators, except the consignor (Party A) and the consignee (Party B). The so-called triangle trade refers to the situation that the foreign trade of the three countries is far from equilibrium at any time. In this trade situation, country A exports to country B, country B exports to country C, and then country C exports to country A, either in reverse order or in reverse order, thus completing the trade relationship between triangle trade. As a result, the trade among the three countries offsets or balances each other. This is an extensive model statement. In modern times, triangle trade refers to general trade cases. If manufacturers from more than three countries are involved, and there is the fact of entrepot trade, it can be trilateral trade. 1, triangle trade's way, triangle trade's way, * * * There are two situations: ① The actual goods are re-exported after customs clearance, which belongs to entrepot trade. ② The goods are not actually imported or exported in China, but are delivered directly to the buyer by the producing country, but the documentary draft or collection is handled by our factory. This is just a documentation process. The former should not be allowed, because the disadvantages outweigh the advantages, while the latter can be considered on a case-by-case basis. In fact, most people who are currently engaged in triangle trade also follow the documentary process. For example, Hongkong is the leader of triangle trade, and most Japanese and Singaporean traders are engaged in triangle trade, but in any case, they are engaged in triangle trade in exactly the same way, and most of them are documents. 2. The principle of approving triangle trade In view of the current situation of China's trade development, the triangle trade mode of document flow is actually inevitable and may become one of the important trade modes in the future. Therefore, in order to cooperate with domestic and foreign trade, the government should accept it in principle, but the following points should be examined and approved on a case-by-case basis so as not to cause any harm: ① triangle trade does not damage China's international trade reputation. (2) It is beneficial for China to gain foreign exchange profits in triangle trade. (3) It will not affect those who affect the quota in China. Applicants should be limited to qualified registered traders. 3. Procedures in triangle trade When conducting triangle trade, traders should explain in detail the countries of both trading parties, the name, specifications, transaction contents, sales contract and mode of transportation of the goods, and why they have to go through China to complete the transaction. Relevant documents must be attached and sent to the third group of the International Trade Bureau for review. If it is approved, it will be transferred to the foreign exchange bureau of the central bank (this does not require the import and export of poetry certificates). After receiving the notice from MOFTEC, the foreign exchange bureau of the central bank may designate domestic foreign exchange banks to handle it. The main points are as follows: ① On the basis of the L/G issued by the buyer, the foreign exchange bank will issue the L/G to the shippers in the producing country, asking them to deliver the goods through the direct route. (2) To accept and develop foreign letters of credit, the designated bank must be the same bank to facilitate the handling. (3) The terms of the transaction are based on C&F or CIF, and are quoted in the same currency. If triangle trade goods need to be temporarily unloaded into bonded warehouses, they should also apply to the customs for verification. The above is a simple explanation of the term and concept of "triangle trade". At present, because China does not strongly advocate triangle trade, domestic traders do not know much about it, and other laws and regulations fail to cooperate closely. Once engaged in triangle trade, they will find it very difficult. Unlike Singapore, as a free port, we have no worries about import taxes, so we can boldly go to triangle trade and have made some achievements. If entrepreneurs in China are still drawing their own boundaries, they will definitely fail to make achievements in triangle trade, which is tantamount to fighting their way out.