You might think that all countries may know that oil is renewable, but they have reached a unified and slow production to prevent the price of oil from falling? However, in today's world, it is difficult to maintain such consistency in the face of various conflicts of interest. It is inevitable that some countries will come out to spoil the situation. So the idea that oil can be regenerated has not been achieved.
Let's talk about how oil is formed. And where is the current controversy?
Oil is the blood of today's industrial society. Many chemical fuels are extracted from petroleum, and human beings are still in the stage of using chemical energy. Therefore, oil has become a necessary raw material to ensure the continuous operation of human industry, and every one of us can't do without oil now. If we really find that oil is inexhaustible and there is nothing to hide, it will be good for mankind.
The history of human use of oil is very long, which can be traced back to more than 2,300 years ago. According to historical records, as early as the 3rd century BC, China used oil and natural gas for cooking, heating and lighting. At that time, oil and natural gas were not discovered by underground drilling, but because of underground pressure, these fluid fuels were often ejected or flowed out of the surface.
At that time, people knew little about this underground fuel, and it was not until the 9th century/KLOC-0 that people exploited oil on a large scale and used it for industrial production. Since the United States drilled the world's first oil drilling hole, it has produced nearly hundreds of billions of tons of oil. We know the importance of oil and its wide use, so people seem to know how this black viscous liquid fuel came from.
For a long time, the causes of oil formation have been divided into two schools: biological oil generation theory (organic origin) and earth carbon cycle oil generation theory (inorganic origin).
Inorganic genetic theory holds that oil is spontaneously formed after the elements in the earth are mixed, and there must be a very complicated physical and chemical mechanism. This statement means that the earth has been producing oil continuously.
However, the inorganic genetic theory cannot explain the complex chemical composition of oil and the geological distribution of oil fields. Although the main components of petroleum are carbon (83% ~ 87%) and hydrogen (1 1% ~ 14%) as well as sulfur and oxygen, petroleum is not composed of simple atoms, but a mixture of macromolecular hydrocarbons (alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons) composed of carbon and hydrogen. There are indeed a lot of carbon and hydrogen in the earth, but the specific mechanism of their mixing into complex hydrocarbon molecules in the depths of the earth and penetrating upward through rock cracks to form oil is not very clear. Moreover, this theory can't explain why the distribution of oil content is different in different regions.
So scientists rarely support this view, but the upward penetration of oil can explain why some oil fields have dried up, but new oil will be mixed in every once in a while. Some people say that oil is renewable on this basis, but this phenomenon is not enough to explain any problems. After all, oil is liquid. Overexploitation of oil in one area leads to pressure drop, and oil infiltration in other high-pressure places can explain this phenomenon. It is not strong evidence that oil is renewable, but only a doubt.
The following is still the mainstream organic generation theory. Although it is a mainstream theory, there are still some doubts. According to the organic theory, in the ancient times of the earth, there were some simple primitive creatures living in the ocean. We know that all living things are made up of organic molecules. After the death of these creatures, a large number of remains were buried and isolated from the air. Under the action of bacteria, they went through a complicated chemical process, and after a long evolution and geological process, oil was formed. In fact, it is very similar to the formation of coal.
With the in-depth study of oilfield geology and petrochemical, it is found that "porphyrin" in oil is similar to chlorophyll in plants and heme in animals. Of course, oil also has the optical rotation of organic matter, and the content of carbon-12 in oil is higher than that of carbon-13, which can be explained by photosynthesis of plants. The strongest evidence is that oil is produced in sedimentary rocks closely related to organisms, so the theory of organic genesis has become a recognized statement in the scientific community. Of course, this statement is also the source of the rapid depletion of oil.
However, there are some questions in the theory of organic formation, including the one mentioned above. With the development of mining depth and technology, people find that there seems to be a supply source of oil and natural gas in the depths of the earth, but it is not clear whether the oil infiltration comes from the depths of the earth or the surrounding oil-bearing layers. Therefore, this suspicion is often used to support the statement that oil is renewable. In addition, with the development of space industry, we have indeed found substances similar to oil and natural gas on other inanimate planets, but it has not been well confirmed. Otherwise, the organic theory would have been overthrown.
Conclusion: It is too early to say that it is renewable, so both theories are incomplete and have flaws that can be picked out by people. But it is nonsense to say that oil is renewable now. Even if it is finally proved that oil can be formed in the depths of the earth through complex chemical and physical processes and slowly seep out, this carbon cycle is quite slow. It's not that we humans can seep up so much as soon as we smoke. After all, this is a spontaneous carbon cycle process, not a machine synthesis inside the earth.
Scientists haven't really figured out how oil is formed.
There are two conclusions at present. One is formed by long-term accumulation and crustal movement after death. Second, the crust is generated by itself, just like the earth's own bricks or calcium carbonate, which may be caused by crustal movement.
It is not a lie to dry up, because minerals such as oil and coal are non-renewable resources. Oil is formed in the crustal movement of tens of millions to hundreds of millions of years, and over-exploitation will dry up. However, people don't have to worry about energy exhaustion. Now people have used clean energy such as solar energy and wind energy, and now there are combustible ice and dry-hot rocks that can be developed and utilized. In a word, mankind is constantly renewing and exploring new energy sources. In the future, oil, coal and other energy sources will be exhausted, but they will not be exhausted, and there will be new energy sources to replace them.
There are two big scams in the world, one is oil and the other is diamonds. Diamonds are only composed of ordinary carbon elements, but they are packaged into "rare treasures" and sold at sky-high prices; Oil is also mainly formed by carbon in the earth's crust, subverting the non-renewable "biological oil generation theory" in the past. In fact, it is a renewable resource and will not be exhausted.
Oil is called "the blood of industry" and has a wide range of uses. And its cause and whether it can be regenerated are gradually approaching the truth.
Composition of petroleum The main components of petroleum are oil, gum, asphaltene and carbon. It is mainly a mixture of hydrocarbons, and the chemical elements are mainly 83% 87% carbon,11%hydrogen, 0.06% 0.8% sulfur, 0.02% 1.7% nitrogen and 0.08% 65433. It is mainly a mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons.
The mbth of petroleum is: petroleum or petroleum. The name and use of domestic oil have a long history. This name was first put forward by Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty. Its use in the world can also be traced back to ancient Egypt in 5450 BC.
The formation and exhaustion of oil The traditional view on the formation of oil is "the theory of biological deposition changing into oil", but in recent years it is "the theory of carbon formation in the crust". The latter's argument has become more and more mainstream, overthrowing the traditional non-renewable theory, and the oil price has also fallen, and car owners are secretly glad.
"The theory of biological deposition changing into oil" was put forward by American geologist Hubert in an article entitled "Peak Oil Theory" published in 1956. This paper holds that petroleum is an ancient chemical fuel, which is non-renewable. It was formed by a long biochemical reaction between algae and ancient dinosaurs buried in the earth's crust more than 500 million years ago. Such a long biochemical reaction cannot happen again, that is to say, oil on the earth is a kind of "non-renewable resource". There are probably two reasons: 1. Oil has greasy optical rotation, which is a unique feature of organic organisms; 2. Both modern and ancient sediments contain petroleum hydrocarbons.
However, before 1989 died, Hubert said that he had been instructed by the British and American oil giants to budget the world's total oil before publishing On the Peak of Oil. Therefore, in his paper, he estimated that the global total oil is only 1.25 trillion barrels, while the United States only has150 billion barrels, and the peak oil production will reach in 1970. This figure is 30% lower than the 400 billion barrels estimated by Wilkes in the United States at that time. Of course, this is obviously the intention of those oil giants. They just want to sell oil at a high price and let textbooks record it in this way to increase their authority.
They have no other scientific basis except two unreasonable reasons.
Their first reason is that "oil shows biological optical rotation". In fact, as long as it falls into some animals during the formation of oil, such "biological characteristics" can be formed; The second reason is that "hydrocarbons with oil in sediments" are not rigorous, because "sediments" contain solid particles at the bottom of any underground fluid, which can be formed in most underground areas such as rivers, lakes, oceans, glaciers and deserts, but there are not many biological fossils or biological rotations, which are not as obvious as oil. Is the oil content of this animal low? In addition, to form trillions of tons of oil, it is difficult to form all animals in ancient and modern times!
Most importantly, we can know from the petroleum composition that the main component is carbon. If it is a biochemical reaction, it will be elements such as calcium and phosphorus.
In addition, some oil mines will reappear after several years of mining. For example, the Russian Volga-Ural Mashkin oil field, 1948, had a reserve of only 2 billion tons, and there were 3 billion tons in 2002. Such examples are found all over the world. It is enough to show that oil will not be exhausted like the "bio-oil theory". The fact is that oil can be described as "inexhaustible"! Behind the high oil price is a complex interest chain!
Is "oil will run out" a false proposition? There has always been a rumor that oil will run out in the next XX years, or that oil will run out in XX years.
In fact, this statement has long existed. It was first put forward by the famous geophysicist Marion King Hubert in 1950s. He drew a bell curve to describe and predict oil production. It is also predicted that the oil production will peak from 1966 to 1972, and then begin to decline.
It sounds great, but it's really part of what he said. 1970 oil production really reached its peak. Therefore, many people began to believe his theory.
But it didn't last long. According to this theory, oil should start to dry up slowly, but it doesn't. As a result, many people have suggested that oil depletion is a false proposition. Is that really the case?
First of all, we all know that oil is actually a mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons, that is, organic matter, in which the carbon content is extremely high, which is also the main feature of chemical energy. Of course, the formation of oil is still controversial at present, but it is not the focus we want to talk about this time, so I will only talk about it here.
One thing is certain, from the perspective of the earth as a whole, oil is actually part of the earth's carbon cycle. Therefore, as long as the earth's carbon cycle continues, oil should not be exhausted. In other words, human beings may be extinct and oil will not be exhausted.
However, what we need to know is that oil does not exist and can be directly exploited and utilized. In fact, it is an extremely complicated system from oil exploitation to sales. So what's going on?
Will the oil mined by mankind run out? First of all, we should think about the development of time and space from the commercial point of view. What we need to know is that there is a cost in exploiting oil. The difficulty of extracting oil varies from place to place. Some places are easy to mine, such as the Middle East. If you want to insert a pipe, you will run out of oil. In some places, mining is actually extremely difficult. Let's take Dagang Oilfield as an example. At the beginning, the technical conditions were poor, and workers were required to walk through the pond that was not completely melted and mine.
Therefore, the labor cost, equipment cost, logistics cost and time cost of the same barrel of oil are different.
But the price of a barrel of oil is determined by the market. We can think about it, if the cost of oil exploitation is greater than the price of oil, is it still meaningful to exploit? Isn't this a typical loss-making business?
Therefore, in fact, there are still oil reserves in many places. The reason why we didn't exploit it is because the cost of exploitation is too high, so we didn't exploit it.
Moreover, many oil fields only exploit a small part, and then oil companies switch to other oil fields. This is because after many oil fields have been exploited to a certain extent, due to various reasons, the exploitation difficulty has increased and the exploitation cost has risen, resulting in the exploitation cost being greater than the oil price, so the exploitation will be suspended.
So we think that Saudi Arabia is a big oil producer, but the essence is that the cost of exploiting oil is much lower than that of other countries, so we can earn this money.
From this point of view, we will know that there is actually a lot of oil. Just because we haven't exploited it because of the cost, it doesn't mean that it has been exploited. For example, the recovery ratio of China Oilfield is only 28%~35%, which means that most of the oil in an oilfield has not been mined. This is the case all over the world. Actually, let's look at it from another angle. Spending so much money and energy to exploit these oils is far less cost-effective than spending money to buy a good oil.
We always hear that oil will run out in a few years, which is actually problematic. The problem here is that they only calculate the proven oil, but in fact these "proven oil reserves" are increasing year by year.
Based on these two points, the oil that human beings can actually exploit still has great potential. Therefore, for a while, oil is inexhaustible, and it can be used for a long time. This is not something that human beings need to worry about in the short term.
Alternative resources are particularly driven by oil prices, but when oil prices reach a certain level. Many people will start to think about new energy sources, such as natural gas, shale oil and so on. The United States is now vigorously developing shale oil.
In addition, we know that cars are gas guzzlers. With the higher and higher oil prices, the awareness of environmental protection has been gradually strengthened, and electric vehicles have been developed. Therefore, the emergence of various new and alternative energy sources is also slowing down the consumption of oil.
Summarizing "oil exhaustion" is actually a false proposition. Although objectively speaking, oil will be exhausted one day, but human beings simply can't wait for that day. Even if it is exploitable oil, there is no need for human beings to worry about exhaustion at present. However, it is an objective fact that oil combustion produces greenhouse gases. We can't consume oil unscrupulously because we have enough oil, which will aggravate the greenhouse effect. From the perspective of environmental protection, it is necessary to develop new energy sources.
How is oil formed?
In ancient times before human beings appeared, many animals were still at a low age before evolution. The earth is covered by the ocean, and the warm sunshine breeds many kinds of plants.
These plants grow wildly on the sea and land, and they are layered on top of each other. Many plants are parasitic on the bodies of some plants, so that the whole world is covered with plants.
Crustal movement, many plains uplift and become mountains, which creates conditions for the formation of rivers.
Because water flows from high places to low places, the rain from high places flows to low places, bringing the upstream sediment to low places. Covered with dense plants below.
Year after year, day after day. Covering all the plants in the lower reaches of the river.
Time flies, the sediment at the bottom has been suppressed by the sediment above for a long time and turned into sedimentary rocks. These sedimentary rocks seal these rotten plants in a huge cave. Hundreds of millions of years later, these plants turned into biogas, which condensed and liquefied into oil.
Our textbook says that oil is formed from the remains of ancient creatures. Of course, any hypothesis has been controversial, and this hypothesis is no exception. Here I briefly introduce the inorganic formation hypothesis of oil.
This hypothesis is that oil has nothing to do with ancient creatures, and oil and natural gas are formed by internal high temperature, high pressure and inorganic conditions under normal natural environment. The principle is that short-chain alkanes will automatically synthesize long-chain absorption substances at high temperature and high pressure, that is, oil and natural gas we see. From this statement, we can think that the earth is a sponge full of oil and natural gas, which is inexhaustible, and oil and natural gas will continue to form, so there is no theoretical upper limit for human beings to use traditional oil and gas.
This theory also has a certain basis. For example, since oil was formed by ancient creatures, why shouldn't most of the household registration of oil be divided according to the distribution of ancient creatures in the Middle East? On the other hand, according to some oil miners, the deeper the oil is mined, the better the oil quality. If it is formed by the remains of paleontology, this statement is not valid.
If so, it means that there is no limit to human energy use, and the only limit is the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on global warming.
It's hard to say how oil was formed. It has never been studied or read. However, there are a lot of data and experts say that it is generated by the evolution of chemical and physical reactions of organic biological deposition in ancient times, which I think is incorrect and does not conform to common sense. As for exhaustion, I think it is certain, and it is a matter of time, because the earth is so big and there are so many resources, which have all been used up or transformed into other substances. It's not that it's gone or called oil, so it's a matter of time before it dries up.
Where does the phrase "oil runs out of food" come from? Some people say that the problem of "oil exhaustion" has been called for many years, and each version is different, sometimes 40 years, sometimes 50 years. But every time we get to that point, we find there is still a lot of oil. Then the question comes, is "oil exhaustion" a false proposition?
To understand this problem, we must first understand how this statement came from.
If we go back to history in detail, we will find that this view really comes from a scholar. His name is Marion King harbert, which translates to Marion King harbert. This scholar is a famous geophysicist. Based on his years of research, he put forward a set of theories. Specifically, the curve is used to describe the relationship between global oil production and time. This curve is a very common bell curve. According to his theory, he predicted that the oil production would reach a historical peak between 1966 and 1972, and then it would gradually decline until it was exhausted. It stands to reason that if this theory is not accurate, it will not spread so widely. It happens that this theory is half right. By 1970, oil production really reached its peak, and Marion King harbert was a famous scholar. When the two are combined, this theory and prediction can be accepted by people and begin to spread. At that time, people began to believe that oil would be consumed in the next XX years.
Is "running out of oil and food" reliable? But it didn't take long for this matter to face a reversal, because according to his theory, the daily turnover of oil should start to decline shortly after 1970, but it did not decline, but maintained a very stable trend. Then we can say that "running out of oil and food" is not reliable?
In fact, objectively speaking, this problem is not simple, and we can also look at it from multiple dimensions.
Let's start with the nature of oil. First of all, oil is actually a mixture containing carbon, which contains various hydrocarbons. We also call it organic matter. Humans can get energy by burning oil. The burning of oil will produce greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, which will be directly discharged into the atmosphere. If this situation continues, the earth will become hotter and hotter. However, this is not the case. The earth also has its own regulation mechanism, which is the carbon cycle.
Oil and carbon dioxide are essentially part of the carbon cycle, and part of the carbon dioxide discharged into the atmosphere will return to the biosphere through photosynthesis of plants, even after millions of years, it will eventually become oil. If only from the perspective of earth evolution, "oil depletion" is a typical false proposition.
Because if the oil is really exhausted, it means that the biological food chain on the earth has completely disappeared.
The above is only from the perspective of the evolution of the earth. In fact, we can also look at this problem from the perspective of cost and benefit.
First of all, we must make sure that oil is not mined for charity, at least to make some money. Then we can think about it. What are the costs and benefits of selling oil?
In fact, this is also very simple. Exploitation of oil first requires manpower, equipment, logistics and time. The price of oil is determined by the market.
It is easier to exploit oil in some places, and it is more difficult in some places, which will lead to different oil costs in different places. Today, the mining cost in the Middle East is the lowest.
Not only that, the more mining in the same area, the greater the difficulty and the higher the cost.
Based on these two points, let's think about it. If the cost of oil exploitation is lower than the market price, everyone is happy and can make money through exploitation. What should we do if the cost of oil exploitation is higher than the market price?
In fact, at this time, you will choose to stop mining.
Therefore, most of the oil that is no longer mined today does not mean that there is no oil, but will continue to be mined at a loss, so it will not be mined. Take China as an example, the recovery ratio of China is only 28%~35%, which means that most of the oil is still underground.
Therefore, in fact, from this perspective, it is impossible to run out of oil. Because if mankind really wants to run out of oil, it means spending a lot of energy to exploit it, then the oil price will definitely be sky-high. Who can afford it and who wants to use it? By then, mankind would rather spend some money on developing and using new energy sources.
It says proven oil. In fact, almost every once in a while, humans will find some places with oil. Therefore, oil reserves not only do not fall, but increase.
In addition, countries are now studying the use of new energy, in fact, based on environmental considerations, carbon emissions have always been a problem. Therefore, in the foreseeable future, humans may give up using oil because of carbon emissions.
Therefore, based on the analysis of the above four points, we know that "oil depletion" is possible, but it is impossible to encounter such a situation before human extinction.
How is oil formed? Is it a lie that it will dry up?
Oil is a treasure all over. Oil is a very important strategic reserve material. Drilling crude oil out of the ground, removing water and salt, and using refining technology to maximize the value of crude oil can produce many products closely related to our lives, including asphalt, lubricating oil, gasoline, diesel oil and so on.
The great role is defined as the laudatory name of liquid gold, and oil has now become the key to the big country game. Saudi Arabia is full of oil, which supports the whole country's finances. Oil is still the mainstream of the market when there is no breakthrough in new energy sources.
There are two theories about the origin of oil.
One is biological oil generation.
Bio-oil can be roughly explained in the century-old teaching book. Hundreds of millions of years ago, due to changes in the earth's crust, a large number of animals and plants were buried underground, and after repeated polishing at high temperature and high pressure, they became today's oil resources.
To explain in detail, most geologists thought that oil, like coal, was decomposed from the bodies of animals and algae, and the difference between coal and oil was the source of materials.
The raw material of oil comes from the ocean, while the raw material of coal comes from dead animals on land.
After a long time, organic matter and bacteria, after the test of high pressure and high temperature, gradually turned into "black gold" and began to penetrate upward into hollow rock formations and gather into oil fields. After artificial mining, they can be used as non-renewable energy.
Second, abiotic oil generation.
Abiotic oil generation is a theoretical hypothesis proposed by Russian geologists. He believes that there is a lot of carbon in the earth's crust, which is layered and orderly. Some carbon will exist in the form of hydrocarbons, gradually move up to the hollow rock layer along the rock cracks, and then cool to form oil deposits, which belongs to renewable energy.
There is a great difference between the two in essence. Biological oil production is doomed, and oil is used less and less. Abiotic oil production shows that oil is inexhaustible.
Therefore, abiotic oil theory was born in this debate, but abiotic oil theory can only explain the phenomenon of crude oil appearing in dry oil wells, but it can't explain the complex compounds in oil.
Generally speaking, the former is the view supported by most geologists, and oil is non-renewable energy. Although the latter meets some specific conditions, there are still unexplained reasons in general.
In any case, the future world will definitely be an energy competition with new energy as the core. When will the debate about oil end? I'm afraid we can't make it clear until the oil is worthless!
It is said that when I was in primary school, I knew that oil was a fossil fuel, which was formed by biological debris. At that time, I said that oil would be mined in another 40 years, but now the state is that one big oil field after another has been discovered?
Is it a big lie that oil comes from the remains of life on earth? The exhaustion of oil is a huge conspiracy? The earth's oil reserves may be inexhaustible? What provides strong evidence for this subversive view is that it took 40 years for scientists in the former Soviet Union to find oil where traditional theories could not find it. How on earth did they find a lot of oil? How do they prove that the traditional organic theory of oil generation is pseudoscience with scientific evidence? I recommend reading the following book: Big Chess of Petroleum, which I read in college.
Oil is too important at present. Why did the American and British oil empires weave this lie? How did it grow up step by step? Iran-Iraq War, Gulf War, Chechen War, Iraq War, Color Revolution. What do these events have to do with the lie of oil exhaustion? Who is the black hand behind them? In order to control oil and the world, American and British elite groups covet the rich oil in the Middle East and other countries, and step by step station troops in these countries through diplomatic, economic and military means and take them for themselves.