GNP = gross national product
GDP and GNP are two related and different indicators. They are all gross indicators for accounting social production achievements and reflecting macro-economy. However, due to the different calculation caliber, the two are different.
Gross domestic product (GDP) refers to the indicators that reflect the achievements of all permanent production activities in a country or region. The so-called permanent unit refers to an economic unit centered on economic interests within a country's economic map. The so-called production activities include all industries and departments including the three industries. In the form of value, it is equal to the sum of production added value of various sectors of the national economy.
Gross national product (GNP) refers to the total value of original income (referring to workers' remuneration, net production tax, depreciation of fixed assets and operating surplus, etc.). ) actually received by all permanent units in a country or region within a certain period of time. The income obtained by the permanent residents of this country through investing or working abroad (called factor income from abroad) should be included in the gross national product of this country. The income earned by non-nationals from investing or working in their own country (called factor income paid abroad) should not be included in their gross national product. Therefore, the gross national product can be added to the gross domestic product and the net factor income obtained by the country's resident units (factor income obtained from abroad-factor income paid to foreign countries). More intuitively, the gross national product is equal to the gross domestic product plus the net amount of labor remuneration and investment income (including dividends, bonuses and interest, etc.). ) obtained from abroad. Namely: GNP = GDP+ net income of foreign factors. Gross national product is the concept of "income".
The main difference between GDP and GNP is that GDP emphasizes the added value created, which is the concept of "production", while GNP emphasizes the original income obtained. Generally speaking, there is little difference between the gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP) of countries, but if a country has a large amount of investment and labor abroad, its GNP will often be greater than its GDP.
American economist Samuelson believes that GDP is one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century. He compared GDP to a satellite cloud picture describing the weather, which can provide a complete picture of the economic situation and help leaders judge whether the economy is shrinking or expanding, whether it needs stimulation or control, and whether it is under the threat of serious recession or inflation. If there is no gross index such as GDP, policymakers will fall into a chaotic digital ocean and be at a loss.
From the above introduction, we know that if a country has a large number of investments and workers abroad, its gross national product will often be greater than its gross domestic product. For example, Japan has a large amount of overseas investment, so its GNP is greater than GDP. In 200 1 year, Japan's GNP was 8.5 trillion yen (about 80 billion US dollars) higher than GDP, equivalent to 2.5 percentage points of Japan's GDP. In other words, even Japan's domestic economic growth rate is zero. However, the net foreign investment income of $80 billion can also guarantee its GNP to increase by about 2.5%.
Also, in the Philippines, for example, there are a large number of Filipino women working as domestic servants overseas (referred to as "Filipino maids"), and their annual foreign exchange income remitted back to the Philippines is as high as 654.38+0 billion US dollars! In this way, the GNP of the Philippines is definitely higher than GDP.
Moreover, the same is true from the situation in different regions of a country.
More pursuit of GDP or GNP in economic policy will lead to different economic growth models, namely endogenous economic growth model or imported economic growth model.
GDP, that is, gross domestic product, refers to the sum of goods and services produced by residents at home and abroad for final use within a certain period of time. GNP is the gross national product, which refers to the sum of the final goods and services produced by citizens of a country at home and abroad. The gross domestic product emphasizes the place of manufacture, that is, whether it is a domestic-funded enterprise or a foreign-funded enterprise, as long as it is settled in its own territory. The gross national product emphasizes manufacturers and pursues manufacturing by domestic enterprises and people.
The meanings of GDP and GNP are as follows. A country or region will pursue more GDP or GNP in economic policy, which will lead to different economic growth strategies. If a country or region pays more attention to GDP in its economic policy, its economic policy orientation must be, whether it is a domestic-funded enterprise or a foreign-funded enterprise, as long as it can make GDP bigger. Of course, with the increase of GDP, the government will also have corresponding taxes. If we respect GNP more, not only the economy will grow, but also the enterprises in our country and region will promote economic growth. Not only to increase taxes, but also to make real profits.
If a country or region pays more attention to GDP in economic policy, it will pay more attention to the maturity and development of its own industries, regardless of whether domestic enterprises or foreign enterprises support the development of these industries. If we pay more attention to GNP in economic policy, not only domestic industries should develop, but also domestic enterprises should support the development of domestic industries. Therefore, the former will be more committed to attracting investment, which will be the top priority of economic work, while the latter will attach importance to the development of domestic enterprises, including state-owned enterprises and private enterprises.
Taking GDP or GNP as the main goal of economic policy, under a certain GDP level, will lead to different levels of wealth of our people. If we emphasize GDP, there will be things that Sichuan migrant workers work in Shenzhen, leave GDP in Shenzhen and bring profits back to Sichuan; Enterprises that set up factories in Shenzhen have also left their GDP in Shenzhen and brought their profits back to their own countries or regions. If we emphasize GNP, it means that our corporate citizens have actually made money for themselves at home or abroad. The typical case in this respect is the comparison between the new Sunan model and Wenzhou model. According to the report of "China Business News" on February 24th, in 2004, with the vigorous development of Suzhou's economy, the total GDP surpassed that of Shenzhen for the first time, and the new southern Jiangsu model seems to have reached the commanding heights of China's economic development model. But these can't cover up the defects of the new Sunan model, which is compared to "only long bones, no long meat". GDP has gone up, government revenue has gone up, and the pockets of ordinary people are still not bulging. Most of the profits have been taken away by foreign companies, and the locals have only a little working capital. In 2004, Suzhou's GDP was twice that of Wenzhou, but the per capita income of Suzhou people was almost half that of Wenzhou. It seems that GNP rather than GDP can better reflect the competitive strength of a country or region.
Further discussion shows that respecting GNP implies an endogenous growth model, which is driven by people's impulse to develop economy. For example, some people compare Zhejiang's private economy to God's economy (forced by natural conditions), ancestors' economy (with tradition in history) and common people's economy (in terms of people's universality). Its remarkable feature is that there are many outstanding entrepreneurs in the local area. Advocating GDP is actually an imported growth model, and its power comes from the government. Driven by local economic development, including the leverage of political achievements, local governments attract investment on preferential terms. The endogenous economic growth model is relatively solid, while the input growth model is due to the liquidity of capital. If there is a better investment field, capital will flow away.
The differences between GDP and GNP and the resulting differences in economic growth modes will give us profound enlightenment in choosing economic growth modes and formulating economic growth policies:
1. The international competition of industries or enterprises is the competition of GNP to a certain extent. Therefore, compared with the imported growth model, the advantages of the endogenous growth model are obvious. Internationally, the industrial competitiveness of Japan and South Korea is supported by domestic enterprises. A country or region cannot rely on foreign-funded enterprises to enhance its competitiveness. It seems that in economic growth, we should not only make great achievements, but also make real profits. We must attach great importance to the gross national product at an appropriate time.
2. Use the imported economic growth strategy scientifically and strategically. Developing countries or regions are underdeveloped due to the lack of capital, technology, entrepreneurs and enterprise management experience, and it is difficult to develop on their own. Therefore, in the early stage of development, making proper use of foreign capital and introducing its advanced management experience can be an option in the early stage of economic development. However, in the process of further implementation, we should pay attention to the role of import enterprises in order to finally cultivate endogenous economic growth forces.
3. The endogenous economic growth model comes from Qian Qian, China and this region. Thousands of entrepreneurs and outstanding entrepreneurs are the fundamental source of economic competition. Our economic policy design should be conducive to the emergence and revitalization of entrepreneurs.
4. Since GNP is made by domestic enterprises, the policy of regional mobility should be more relaxed for domestic capital, including domestic private capital. For a long time, China's policy of giving foreign investment in some fields is superior to private capital, which should be reflected.