For example, an enterprise accepts investors' foreign currency capital of USD 65,438+000,000, and the exchange rate on the day of receiving investment funds is 65,438+0: 8.3, and the exchange rate agreed in the investment contract is 65,438+0: 8.5. The following accounting entries should be made:
Debit: bank deposit-USD account (100000×8.3) 830000.
Capital reserve-foreign currency capital conversion difference of 20000
Loan: paid-in capital is 850,000 yuan.
If the exchange rate stipulated in the investment contract is 1: 8, the accounting entry is:
Debit: bank deposit-USD account (100000×8) 830000.
Loan: paid-in capital is 800,000 yuan.
Capital reserve-foreign currency capital conversion difference is 30000.
1, paid-in capital
Paid-in capital refers to the cash or equivalent actually received when an enterprise is founded or increased, that is, "how many valuable things are always received when the company is established", and it is also called "share capital" if the company is a joint-stock company.
There is a difference here: paid-in capital refers to the founding capital of the company, and the income obtained during the operation period does not belong to the category of paid-in capital. If there is no capital increase during the company's operation, this subject has always been fixed.
Paid-in capital is the initial capital of an enterprise and will not change without capital increase.
If the capital increase occurs during the operation period, it means that the enterprise obtains more non-operating equivalents and the paid-in capital increases.
2. Capital reserve
Literally, capital reserve is also a kind of capital, which matches the paid-in capital. We already know that enterprises will increase their paid-in capital when they increase their capital, but if the actual amount of capital increase is greater than the book or contract amount, the extra capital belongs to capital reserve.
If the actually received capital is greater than the specified amount, it belongs to capital reserve.
Common capital increase behaviors include: "accepting asset investment of 6.5438+million, but the market price is 6.5438+0.5 million", and the extra 50,000 belongs to capital reserve; For example, when an enterprise issues shares to increase capital, it will happen that the actual capital exceeds the contract or the specified amount.
3. Surplus reserves
We know that the purpose of enterprise management is profit, that is, shareholders' profit. Therefore, when the enterprise has profits, it will be distributed to relevant shareholders, so that shareholders can get benefits. However, the market is changing rapidly, and enterprises have to keep part of their operating profits for emergencies. This process of retaining some income is called "surplus reserve".
There are two kinds of surplus reserves in China: national standard and enterprise's own system standard, namely "statutory surplus reserve and arbitrary surplus reserve"
In the process of extracting surplus reserve, any enterprise should consider whether to extract surplus reserve.
If the current profit has no other use after being extracted from the surplus reserve, the residual income is included in the "undistributed profit" (the surplus reserve is generally used to make up for losses, increase capital and distribute dividends).