Comprehensive national strength refers not only to a certain strength or factor, but to a variety of factors or a combination of factors. Therefore, "synthesis" has almost become the most basic method to study comprehensive national strength. What kind of comprehensive quantitative method can accurately and comprehensively reflect the situation or level of comprehensive national strength, this problem has not yet been confirmed, or has not been fundamentally solved. However, in the research process of comprehensive national strength, many scholars put forward or established some relatively simple quantitative methods. With the continuous and systematic deepening of the research on comprehensive national strength, this problem will be gradually solved. 1. Three-factor comprehensive national strength equation and Three-factor comprehensive national strength equation by fuchs et al.: Mt = [(Ms)t+(Me)t]/2, where Mt is the national strength index of T period, (Ms)t and (Me)t are the steel output index and energy index of T period respectively. In which ms = Pa Sb, me = Pa Eb, pa, Sb and Eb are population, steel output and energy output respectively. 2. The "modern comprehensive national strength equation" and "modern comprehensive national strength equation" put forward by American R cline: PN = (C+E+M)×(S+W) where PN is the comprehensive national strength index; C is a basic entity, consisting of population and territorial area; E is economic strength, expressed by the sum of GDP, energy, key non-fuel minerals, industrial capacity, grain, nuclear power and conventional electricity; M is the military strength, with the war mark a country has and the national interests to protect; S is a strategic goal, which refers to six kinds of indicators to be achieved in the international environment such as political commodity production and foreign trade; W is the will to pursue national strategy, which refers to the ability of a country to mobilize its citizens to support the government's national defense and foreign policy. The index value on the right side of the national strength equation is determined by scoring method.

Although Klein's national strength equation model is static, and there is no convincing explanation for the scoring standards of various indicators, he provides an analytical framework for systematic evaluation for the later quantitative study of comprehensive national strength. 3. joseph nye Jr.' s "Soft and Hard Power" Evaluation Model 1990 In an article entitled "Still Being a Strong Man in Competition", joseph nye Jr. comprehensively and systematically analyzed and expounded the concept of national power and the present situation and development trend of the United States as a global power, and further pointed out that "soft power" includes national cohesion, the degree of cultural acceptance and the degree of participation in international institutions; "Hard power" includes basic resources, military strength, economic strength and scientific and technological strength. He believes that "soft power" and "hard power" are equally important. According to the evaluation model of "soft and hard power", he used the qualitative and quantitative evaluation method of "strong, medium and weak" to calculate the comprehensive national strength of major countries and regions at that time. The overall ranking is: the United States (top seven), Europe (top five, middle one and weak one), Japan (top three, middle three and weak one) and China (top three). 4. National Strength Assessment of Japan's Comprehensive Research Institute 1987 The Comprehensive Planning Bureau of Japan's Ministry of Economic Planning entrusted Japan's Comprehensive Research Institute to conduct a basic survey of comprehensive national strength. In his book "Japan's Comprehensive National Strength", he put forward a comprehensive national strength evaluation system from three levels: international contribution ability, survival ability and compulsory ability. International contribution ability refers to the ability to actively promote the establishment and development of international organizations and contribute to the progress of the international community; Survivability refers to a country's ability to protect itself when there is a crisis at home and abroad; Coercive ability refers to the ability of a country to force other countries to change their behavior according to its own will. In this survey, Delphi method was used, and 15 components were used to draw up 108 comprehensive national strength evaluation indicators, and 70 indicators were actually selected. This national strength measurement model is based on economic strength, focusing on scientific and technological strength, taking national will as the pillar and taking foreign relations as the breakthrough, reflecting and measuring the basic characteristics and development trend of contemporary comprehensive national strength competition.

5. Evaluation of Japanese scholar Fukushima Kangren's revised national strength equation On the basis of Klein's mathematical model, contemporary Japanese scholar Fukushima Kangren slightly changed the connotation of some variables and put forward the revised "national strength equation". The formula is P = (C+E+M)×(G+D), where C = population+territory+natural resources E =(GNP+ GNP per capita+GNP actual growth rate)+(the sum of industrial, agricultural and commercial strengths) m is military strength, g is domestic political capacity and d is national diplomatic capacity. Fukushima Yasuhito used his national strength equation to calculate and rank seven countries. 6. Research methods of scholars such as Kaul, Cox and Jacobson Kaul, Cox and Jacobson conducted quantitative research on comprehensive national strength. Kaul decomposed the elements of national strength into six basic indicators, including territory (area), population, steel consumption, standard energy consumption, GNP and total military strength. See box 2.4 for the standard values of indicators. Although there are only six indicators used by Kaul to measure national strength, they are recognized as the core indicators in the study of national strength. Its determination method is simple and easy, and it is more convenient and simple to apply.

Cox, Jacobson and other scholars have chosen five indicators: GNP, GNP per capita, population, nuclear capability and international prestige to measure and rank the comprehensive national strength of major countries in the world. Kaul's methods of measuring comprehensive national strength are: ① calculating the proportion of each country's index value in the world total; (2) weighting the calculation proportion of each index according to the given weight; ③ Comprehensive weighted index, which ranks the comprehensive national strength according to the weighted index. 7. Ding's comprehensive national strength quality formula Ding published the article "On comprehensive national strength-On China's national development strategy in 2000" in 1987, and put forward the comprehensive national strength quality formula. That is, comprehensive national strength = soft national strength × hard national strength = (political strength+scientific and technological strength+spiritual strength )× [r (natural strength+manpower+economic strength+national defense strength)], in which natural strength refers to a country's natural conditions and natural resources, which can be used for land area (total area, cultivated land area, geographical location) and mineral resources (total amount, type, difficulty in mining, degree of self-sufficiency, etc. Political power refers to the political power of a country, including political system, political system and the decision-making and leadership ability of national leaders. R is the structural coefficient of hard national power, which indicates the proportional relationship between the components of hard national power and reflects the structure of hard national power system. If the structure of each component of hard power is reasonable, then R is greater than 1, and its total hard power is greater than the algebraic sum of each component; If the result is unreasonable, R is less than 1, and the contribution of its hard national strength to national strength is less than the algebraic sum of its parts. 8. Zhang Wenkui's comprehensive national strength model Zhang Wenkui believes that the division of comprehensive national strength should be divided into "per capita national strength" and "per capita national strength" in addition to the traditional basic national strength, so as to weaken the score of national strength relying solely on a large population and a vast territory. So "comprehensive national strength" is the national strength of basic national strength, per capita national strength and per capita national strength. In this way, we can further comprehensively and profoundly understand the real strength of countries around the world from two aspects: total amount and per capita amount. It can be seen that the classification of national strength types is of great significance in theory and practice. Finally, he summed up the following comprehensive national strength model: Z×G = J+R+D, where Z G is comprehensive national strength, J is basic national strength, R is per capita national strength, and D is per capita national strength. 9. Huang Shuofeng's dynamic equation of comprehensive national strength Huang Shuofeng established a dynamic equation model of comprehensive national strength based on survivability, development and coordination according to system theory, synergy theory and dynamics principle:

Where M(t) is the comprehensive national strength in t years and k is the coefficient of coordinated development; Hi(t) represents the "hardware" part of national strength, including the constituent elements of material form, namely population area, scientific and technological ability, economic ability and military ability; Si(t) represents the "software" part of national strength, including the elements of spiritual and intellectual form, namely, national strategic objectives, national leadership system and national will. K is a coordination system, including all elements related to the coordination and unification of national leaders. The equation includes 30 sub-equations. With regard to the index 150, the comprehensive national strength of major countries in the world is calculated by using the data of 1986. 10. Yu Hongyi and Wang Youdi's four-dimensional vector comprehensive national strength measurement model Yu Hongyi and Wang Youdi put forward the FDSL(NS=F(F.D.S.L) comprehensive national strength measurement model with four-dimensional vectors of function, dimension and level, and made an analysis of 65438+. 1 1. The comprehensive national strength model system designed by Pinghai, Yunping and Wang Jingtao is comprehensive national strength = basic entity × material national strength× spiritual national strength = resource strength× (economic strength+scientific and technological strength+military strength )× (political strength+cultural and educational strength+diplomatic strength). Simplified as CNP = CM×(EC+ST+MC)×(PC+CE+DC) Because of the different contributions of each factor to the comprehensive national strength, it is necessary to fill in the importance coefficient indicating the weight before each factor. That is, CNP = cm× (k1EC+k2st+k3mc )× (k4pc+k5ce+k6dc) where k1+k2+k3 = 65438+k4+K5+K6 = 654338. 12. The comprehensive national strength model system designed by Zhu An and Xiao Lazhen Zhu An. The comprehensive national strength model system designed by Xiao Lazhen is: comprehensive national strength = (resources+economic activity ability+international competitiveness+scientific and technological ability+sustainable development level+social development level+national compulsion+diplomatic ability) × (strategic goal+pursuit of national strategic will+national cohesion) is simplified to CNP = (.