Yuan Longping, Qian Sanqiang, Zhang Tianyou, Hengzu Chongzhi, Cai Lun, Xujiahui
Qian Sanqiang, formerly known as Qian Bingqiong, 19 13, was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, and his father Qian Xuantong was a famous linguist in modern China. When he was a teenager, he lived in Beijing with his father. He studied in Conde Middle School, where Cai Yuanpei is the principal. 16 years old was admitted to Peking university preparatory school, and 1932 was admitted to Tsinghua University physics department. From 65438 to 0936, after Qian Sanqiang graduated, he served as an assistant to Yan Jici, director of the Institute of Physics of Peiping Research Institute. The following year, he passed the examination for studying abroad at public expense, and went to Europe with the ambition of serving the country when the guns of Lugouqiao sounded, and entered the Curie laboratory of Paris University to study as a graduate student. The tutors are Curie's daughter, Nobel Prize winner Irina Curie and her husband, Aurio Curie.
1940, Qian Sanqiang obtained the French national doctor's degree and continued to work as an assistant with the second generation of the Curies. 1946 married a talented woman with the same theme. The husband and wife made a breakthrough in the study of uranium fission and were recommended to the world scientific community by their mentor Iorio. Many newspapers and periodicals in western countries published this story and praised "China and Curie discovered a new method of nuclear fission". In the same year, the French Academy of Sciences also awarded the physics prize to Qian Sanqiang.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/948, Qian Sanqiang returned to the war-torn motherland with the feeling of welcoming liberation. Soon after he returned to China, he met the peaceful liberation of Peiping in June of 1949+0. He rode his bike to Chang 'an Avenue excitedly and joined the celebration crowd. Later, Ye Jianying, director of Beiping Military Control Committee, sent someone to find him, hoping that he would go to France with the delegation from the Liberated Area to attend the World Peace Conference. Under extremely difficult circumstances, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China allocated 50,000 US dollars to help him order instruments and materials related to atomic energy 2. Seeing that the leaders of the * * * Party had this vision of developing science before the founding of New China, Qian Sanqiang was so excited that tears welled up in his eyes. After returning from abroad, he was invited to visit Tianmen on the same day in founding ceremony.
Since the founding of New China, Qian Sanqiang has devoted itself to the development of atomic energy. He used to be the deputy director and director of the Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (later renamed the Institute of Atomic Energy), and 1954 joined the China * * * Production Party. From 65438 to 0955, after the central government decided to develop its own nuclear power, he became a planner. From 65438 to 0958, he participated in the construction of atomic reactors by the Soviet Union and gathered a large number of nuclear scientists (including his wife). He also recommended Deng Jiaxian and other outstanding talents to the team developing nuclear weapons.
1960, after the central government decided to develop the atomic bomb entirely by self-reliance, Qian Sanqiang, who has served as the deputy minister of the Second Machinery Department, served as the chief technical officer and chief designer. He tried his best to train a new generation of academic leaders, just as the Curies trained themselves. In the tough battle of "two bombs and one satellite", a large number of outstanding nuclear experts emerged, creating the fastest development speed in this field in the world. Later, people not only praised Qian Sanqiang for coordinating and using all kinds of complex scientific and technological fields and talents, but also thought that the Atomic Energy Institute he led was a "loyal" science and technology base camp.
In his later years, Qian Sanqiang's health declined day by day, and he still served as vice chairman of China Association for Science and Technology, chairman of Chinese Physical Society and honorary chairman of China Nuclear Society. He has always been concerned about the development of China's nuclear cause, stressing that the nuclear cause should be used not only for military purposes, but also for civilian purposes. 1992 died at the age of 79. On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the National Day, the Central Committee of China, the State Council and the Central Military Commission posthumously awarded Qian Sanqiang the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Medal" made of 5 15g pure gold, in recognition of this leading scientist's great contribution.
Qian Sanqiang died on1June 28th, 992.
qian sanqiang
The origin of the name
Qian Sanqiang was born in 19 13. At first, his father Qian Xuantong named him Qian Bingqiong, but why did he change his name to Qian Sanqiang later? This has to start from the beginning.
Qian Sanqiang was born in a scholarly family. Father Qian Xuantong, less than 4 years old, began to stand at grandpa's desk every day to read and endorse. When he was young, he studied at Waseda University in Japan. After returning home, I first worked as a Chinese teacher in some famous middle schools, and then went to Beijing to be a Beijing Normal University and a professor of Peking University. He is a famous modern linguist in China. Because he accepted the ideological influence of revolutionaries such as Zhang Taiyan and Qiu Jin, he strongly advocated overthrowing the Qing Dynasty. Later, he joined the "New Culture" movement with a group of progressive professors such as Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Yan Fu and Hu Shi, and was an active supporter and alternate editor of the progressive publication New Youth.
Qian Sanqiang, who grew up in such a family environment, received a good education and progressive ideas from an early age. In order to cultivate Qian Sanqiang, when he was seven years old, his father sent him to Comte School, a children's school founded by professors from Peking University such as Cai Yuanpei, Li Shizeng and Shen (Comte is the surname of a French philosopher).
Comte School is an enlightened new school. In addition to morality, intelligence and physique, the school also emphasizes aesthetic education and labor, and attaches great importance to music, pictures and labor classes. Moreover, Comte School has a strong faculty and a neat lineup, and the level of teachers is sufficient for high school teaching. It can be said that Qian Sanqiang has unique conditions for childhood education.
Under such circumstances, Qian Sanqiang was educated by an old teacher, and through his own efforts, he gradually became a student with a wide range of interests, while Qian Sanqiang was good at music, sports and art, and just entered junior high school. At the age of 13, he became a member of the Bobcats basketball team in his class. In the competition, his fighting spirit and collective consciousness were well received by his classmates.
On one occasion, a thinner classmate whose physique is not as good as that of Qian Sanqiang wrote a letter to Qian Sanqiang, claiming that.
"Big but weak", he was called "Qiu Bing" as the "top three" at that time. This naughty letter that children call each other nicknames happened to be seen by their father Qian.
"Why do students call you' top three'?" Qian Xuantong asked humorously.
"He called me the top three, because I am the third, I like sports and I am strong, so I am called the top three." Qiu Bing answered his father's question seriously.
After listening to Mr. Qian's words, Xuan Tong cheered again and again. He said: "I think the name is good, but it can't just be strong. The' top three' can be interpreted as striving for all-round progress in morality, intelligence and physique. "
With the affirmation of his father, Qian Bingqiong was officially renamed as Qian Sanqiang.
The turning point in life
From 65438 to 0929, with his father's support, Qian Sanqiang was admitted to the preparatory course of science in Peking University, and also attended the undergraduate course. Professor Wu's Modern Physics and Professor Sabendong's Electromagnetism attracted Qian Sanqiang. The erudition and rigorous spirit of the two scholars also deeply educated Qian Sanqiang.
The development of science adds color to the ever-changing world. The top three students decided to study physics, entered the physics department of Tsinghua University, and studied under Professor Wu. Tsinghua University enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad, and has cultivated outstanding students and national building materials from generation to generation. The school is full of strong academic atmosphere, rigorous teaching and correct style of study, which inspires the top three to study hard with tenacious spirit. He takes Professor Wu's style as a model, and Professor Wu's rigorous academic spirit and teaching methods moisten the hearts of the top three.
1936 Qian Sanqiang graduated with 90 points. On the recommendation of Professor Wu, after graduating from Qian Sanqiang University, he worked as an assistant to Yan Zizhi, a famous physicist, in the Institute of Physics of Beijing Research Institute, and engaged in the research of molecular spectroscopy. Qian Sanqiang can work in such a normal university, and she feels very gratified.
At the beginning of his work, Teacher Yan gave him some books on service work and management. Qian Sanqiang didn't perfunctory because of the complexity of his work, but earnestly completed every task assigned by the teacher and managed the library in an orderly way, which was praised by everyone. When people take pictures, he helps to develop and enlarge them, and also uses photographic negatives for analysis and research. Gradually, Qian Sanqiang was able to analyze photographic films independently and skillfully, and mastered photography technology.
One weekend afternoon, all the students left the laboratory, leaving only Qian Sanqiang for molecular band analysis. Teacher Yan, who came back from a meeting in Nanjing, walked into the laboratory and saw that Qian Sanqiang was still absorbed in his work. He looked at the analysis data, which was roughly the same as that of foreign countries. She is very happy. He likes this young man better.
One day, Qian Sanqiang was looking for information in the library. Professor Yan hurried up to him and said, "Do you know French?" Qian Sanqiang said, "I am already in junior high school." "Remember?" "I forgot a lot. I can look up information in the dictionary. "
"Well, I'll test you." Professor Yan said and took out a French magazine from the shelf: "You read a paragraph and then translate it." Qian Sanqiang did as the teacher said. Teacher Yan said with satisfaction, "Not bad." At this time, I told him: "The Sino-French Education Foundation will recruit international students at public expense. You should tidy up your work and focus on preparing for the exam! "
Qian Sanqiang never expected to have this good opportunity. He sincerely thanked his teacher. Time is pressing. You should pick up French that 10 has never seen. Qian Sanqiang made up his mind to overcome the difficulties and prepare for the exam carefully. Soon after the exam, Teacher Yan told him cheerfully: "You passed the exam, and you did well in the exam."
When Qian Sanqiang packed his bags, he was about to leave the land where he was born and raised, his father who was seriously ill, and his teacher who cared about and raised him. He is reluctant to leave. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident broke out, and the national disaster took the lead, which aggravated his heavy mood. He hesitated and could not bear to leave his native land. His father endured the pain of parting and advised him: "This is a rare opportunity to learn, and what you learn will be useful to the motherland. Serving the motherland and benefiting the society has a long way to go! Men are determined not to worry only about the near future! "
1One day in August, 937, an ocean-going passenger ship carrying Qian Sanqiang left Shanghai Port and sailed for the rough sea.
Studying abroad.
How many 1 1 years are there in a person's life? However, Qian Sanqiang's 1 1 year was a year of great harvest, a decisive year in his life and an unforgettable year.
1September, 937, Qian Sanqiang came to the Curie laboratory of the Institute of Radium Science of the University of Paris to study for his doctorate under the recommendation of his tutor Professor Yan. This laboratory was founded by Madame Curie. After Madame Curie's death, Professor Debiner, the discoverer of actinides, served as the director. But it was actually hosted by Madame Curie's eldest daughter Elena.
Elena Aurio-Madame Curie was Qian Sanqiang's mentor. Eleanor, like her loving mother Madame Curie, is devoted to scientific research, selfless and diligent, rigorous in style, noble in moral character and humble and enthusiastic in treating others. It is really a rare opportunity to study under the guidance of such a tutor.
Qian Sanqiang's residence is far from the laboratory. Every day at dawn, Qian Sanqiang gets up, eats something in a hurry, takes the subway, goes to the laboratory, and doesn't return to his residence until very late. Work and study for more than ten hours every day. Qian Sanqiang doesn't feel tired and monotonous, but feels particularly full and happy.
Qian Sanqiang mainly does "physics" work in the laboratory, and radioactive sources are prepared by chemical methods. Therefore, he very much hopes to engage in "chemistry" work.
One day, Madame Curie asked Qian Sanqiang, "Mr. Qian, don't you know that chemist? If you need to learn' chemistry' when you return to China to be a radioactive source, then learn from her! "
Qian Sanqiang was very happy. He thinks how considerate my tutor is to me! So I readily agreed.
Mrs. Ge Qindai, a chemist, is an expert with high reputation in the field of science and technology. She made Qian Sanqiang an independent radioactive source of polonium. Qian Sanqiang meticulously imitated the chemist's method and began to work. Chemists come to ask for guidance every once in a while. Then, he was asked to make four radiation samples in succession. After finishing, the chemist helped Qian Sanqiang measure the intensity of radioactive sources and told Qian Sanqiang: "Yes, the three are basically the same, 1 is slightly worse, but it is within the allowable error range."
The chemist's evaluation affirmed Qian Sanqiang's work. His studiousness won the trust of chemists and his companions, and at the same time, he also won sincere cooperation. This greatly broadened his scientific research field. Soon, he wrote more than 30 scientific research papers.
In order to give Qian Sanqiang more opportunities to study, Madame Aurio-Curie suggested that Qian Sanqiang should go to the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry of the French Academy presided over by her husband, Mr. Aurio, and allow him to work here and there for a period of time.
Working in Mr. Iorio's laboratory, I not only learned science and technology from Mr. IORIO, but also learned his scientific thoughts and ethics. This will benefit Qian Sanqiang for life.
1one day in June, 939, professor Iorio showed Qian Sanqiang a photo, which turned out to be a photo of fission fragments of uranium after neutron bombardment in a cloud room. This is the first photo showing fission phenomenon directly at that time, which is very precious.
Soon, Madame Aurio-Curie invited Qian Sanqiang to cooperate with her to prove the theory of nuclear fission. Under the guidance of two tutors, Qian Sanqiang quickly completed his doctoral thesis-the collision between alpha particles and protons.
1940, Qian Sanqiang obtained the French national doctorate.
Qian Sanqiang is a lucky man. He was able to study and work under the guidance of two world-class scientists, which enabled him to quickly enter the forefront of scientific research and witnessed a great scientific discovery of mankind-nuclear fission.
1in the spring of 946, Qian Sanqiang cooperated with his colleagues, and after repeated experiments, he finally discovered the three divisions and four divisions of uranium nucleus. This discovery not only reflects the characteristics of uranium nucleus, but also enables mankind to further explore the universality of nuclear fission. Instructor Iorio proudly said: "This is the first important work in his laboratory after World War II." For this reason, at the end of 1946, Qian Sanqiang won the Henry Bader Prize for Microphysics of French Academy of Sciences. 1947 Promoted to research tutor of French National Research Center.
Serve the country and study.
1 1 year's efforts won Qian Sanqiang the highest prize and the highest academic status among French people studying in China. Under such excellent working and living conditions, he wants to return to China.
1948, Qian Sanqiang found Liu Ningyi, the head of China in Europe, and made a wish to return to China. Liu Ningyi encouraged him, "Going back to China can do a lot."
Qian Sanqiang also told his mentor Iorio about his plan to return to China. After listening to the students' demands, party member Frenchman Iorio said with satisfaction, "If I were you, I would make such a decision." Qian Sanqiang went to say goodbye to Iori Yagami's wife again. Mrs Joliot-Curie said earnestly, "We often say that we should serve science and science should serve the people. I hope you can take back these two sentences! "
The teacher's words became the motto of his life.
Before Qian Sanqiang left, two tutors were in their garden to bid farewell to Mr. and Mrs. Qian Sanqiang.
1948 In May, Qian Sanqiang and his wife He left Paris for home with their daughter who just turned half a year old, rich scientific research achievements, the trust of their tutors and the kindness of their French counterparts. I also carry a precious document with me, which is an appraisal of Qian Sanqiang's study and work in France by his tutor.
The appraisal was written as follows: "Mr. Qian showed the special qualities of researchers, and these qualities were further strengthened in our * * * activities. He has completed a lot of research work, some of which are very important. He is Minhui-minded and full of enthusiasm and initiative for science. It is no exaggeration to say that he is the best among his contemporaries who study in our laboratory and work under our leadership. We entrusted him to lead several research groups. He accomplished this arduous task with his own talent and was deeply loved by his French and foreign students. " "The country has recognized Mr. Qian's talent and given him an important task. First, he was appointed as a researcher at the National Research Center, and then as a research tutor. He is also the winner of the French Science Prize. " "Mr. Qian is still an excellent organizer. He has the unique spiritual, scientific and technical qualities of leaders who study organizational work. "
In the summer of 1948, Qian Sanqiang returned to the motherland after a long absence of 1 1 year, and embarked on a new milestone.
For the motherland
1949 One day in March, Qian Sanqiang was suddenly informed that he would attend the World Peace Conference as a representative. Qian Sanqiang thought: If I can meet Mr. Aurio Curie at this conference in Paris, please ask him to order some instruments and equipment for nuclear scientific research, as well as books and materials. Qian Sanqiang, with the psychology of giving it a try, asked the contact person of the delegation that he needed about $200,000. Four days later, Qian Sanqiang received a phone call and invited him to Zhongnanhai.
In Zhongnanhai, waiting for Qian Sanqiang is Li, Minister of the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee. He warmly received Qian Sanqiang and said, "Top Three, your idea is very good. The Central Committee has studied it and decided to give it support. I checked the state treasury, and there are still some dollars, so I will set aside $50,000 for you to use first ... "After listening to Minister Li, Qian Sanqiang couldn't calm down for a long time, and he complained that he was too bookish. The war is not over yet, cities need to be built, rural areas need to be developed, and the national economy is in trouble ... how can there be so much foreign exchange?
Soon, Qian Sanqiang got the US dollar cash to develop nuclear science, and he was very excited and excited. He deeply knows that this dollar has gone through the war of fire and blood, and it has just been taken out of the wet cave, which is hard to come by.
Holding this heavy dollar, Qian Sanqiang was full of thoughts and felt that scientific work had a long way to go.
After the establishment of the Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qian Sanqiang served as deputy director and director.
195565438+ 10/4, Qian Sanqiang and geologist Li Siguang came to the Prime Minister's Office at the invitation of Premier Zhou. Premier Zhou listened to Li Siguang's report on the exploration of uranium resources in China and Qian Sanqiang's report on the research status of nuclear science and technology. After listening carefully, Premier Zhou raised relevant questions. Finally, tell Qian Sanqiang and Li Siguang to get ready. Chairman Mao and other central leaders will listen to this situation tomorrow, and they can bring some uranium mines and simple instruments to demonstrate it on the spot.
The next day, Qian Sanqiang and Li Siguang came to a conference room in Zhongnanhai, where many familiar leaders were already sitting, including Chairman Mao, Zhu De, Chen Yun and Peng. This is an enlarged meeting of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee on the research and development of atomic energy in China. Chairman Mao made it very clear at the beginning: "Today we are primary school students, please come to the class on atomic energy."
Li Siguang first talked about uranium resources and its relationship with atomic energy. Qian Sanqiang reported the general situation of atomic energy development in several major countries and the work done by China in recent years, and made a demonstration. Everyone watched the experiment and the meeting was very active. The chairman lit a cigarette and began to sum up: our country now knows that there are uranium mines. Further exploration is sure to find more uranium deposits. We have also trained some people, gained a certain scientific research foundation and created certain conditions. Many other things have happened in recent years, and this matter has not been caught yet. We have to catch this, and now it's time to catch it. As long as we put it on the agenda and pay close attention to it, we will certainly get it up.
After the meeting, everyone had dinner. Chairman Mao raised his glass, stood up and said loudly: Let's drink to the development of atomic energy in China.
1On June 26th, 959, the Soviet Central Committee sent a letter, refusing to provide the relevant information and teaching model of the atomic bomb. On August 23, the Soviet Union unilaterally terminated the new technology agreement signed by the two countries, withdrew all experts, and sarcastically said: "China people can't get an atomic bomb for 20 years, but can only guard a pile of scrap steel."
Satire becomes motivation, anger becomes strength. China science and technology workers are not intimidated. "Do it yourself, start from scratch, and prepare to produce your own atomic bomb in eight years" has become the oath of the people of China. As an expert in nuclear physics, Qian Sanqiang, like countless scientific workers, did not bow in the face of difficulties and organized tens of thousands of scientific workers and skilled workers to March on the development of the first atomic bomb.
After the withdrawal of Soviet experts, Zhou summoned dozens of overseas experts and students and jointly requested to return to China to participate in the war. After returning to China, they participated in and presided over theoretical research and experimental research.
In order to study a diffusion separation membrane, a research group was set up under the leadership of Qian Sanqiang. After four years of efforts, it became the fourth country to manufacture diffusion separation membranes after the United States, the Soviet Union and France. At the same time, China's first large-scale general-purpose computer was successfully developed, and it successfully undertook the analysis and calculation of the implosion of the first atomic bomb.
In the whole development process of the atomic bomb, Qian Sanqiang's wisdom and painstaking efforts were soaked. He not only contributed to the development of the atomic bomb, but also made great contributions to the development of China's atomic energy science and technology, and made immortal contributions to the training of China's atomic energy science and technology team.
Qian Xuesen
Qian Xuesen is a modern physicist in China and a world-famous rocket expert. Born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang191year1February1day, born in Shanghai. 1934 studied at MIT and Caltech. After receiving his doctorate from 65438 to 0938, he stayed in school to teach and engage in rocket research. 1947- 1955, he was a professor at MIT and Caltech. 1955 10 After returning to China through various obstacles, he served as the director of the Institute of Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the vice minister of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry, and the vice director of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense.
Qian Xuesen put forward an extremely important implementation plan for the development of rocket and missile technology in China. From April, 65438 to April, 0956, he served as a technical leader in the development of rockets, missiles and spacecraft for a long time, and made great contributions to the cause and development of rockets, missiles and aerospace in China.
Qian Xuesen used to be vice chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, member of the Department of Mathematics and Physics of China Academy of Sciences, honorary chairman of China Aerospace Society and chairman of China Association for Science and Technology.
First of all, briefly introduce life.
Qian Xuesen (19 1 ~ x), a Chinese scientist and rocket expert, was born in Shanghai in June/91and came to Beijing with his father at the age of 3. 1938. Later, he stayed in the United States as a lecturer, associate professor, professor, director of supersonic laboratory and director of Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center. 1950 began to work hard to return to the motherland, persecuted by the American government, and lost his freedom. 1955 took five years to return to the motherland, and since 1958, he has been the technical director of rocket, missile and spacecraft development for a long time. 1959, joined the China * * * production party. He is currently the honorary chairman of China Association for Science and Technology.
Second, scientific achievements.
Qian Xuesen served as the technical director of China's rocket and space program for a long time, and made great pioneering contributions in space technology, system science and system engineering. Qian Xuesen published 7 monographs and more than 300 papers. The main contributions are as follows:
① Applied mechanics
Qian Xuesen has done pioneering work in aerodynamics and solid mechanics of applied mechanics. The research on compressible boundary layer carried out in cooperation with von Carmen reveals some temperature changes in this field, and the Carmen-Qian Xuesen method is established. In cooperation with Guo Yonghuai, the concept of upper and lower critical Mach numbers is introduced into transonic flow for the first time.
② Jet propulsion and space technology
From the 1940s to the early 1960s, Qian Xuesen put forward some important concepts in the field of rockets and aerospace: in the 40s, he put forward and realized the rocket flying aid device (JATO), which shortened the runway distance; 1949, put forward the concept of rocket passenger plane and the idea of nuclear rocket; 1953 studied the possibility of interplanetary flight theory. In "Introduction to Interstellar Navigation" published by 1962, the concept of a round-trip transportation system between heaven and earth is put forward, in which a large aircraft equipped with a jet engine is the first-stage vehicle and an aircraft equipped with a rocket engine is the second-stage vehicle.
③ Engineering cybernetics
In the process of its formation, engineering cybernetics focuses on the engineering practice of designing stability and guidance systems. Qian Xuesen himself is the pioneer of this kind of research work.
④ Physical mechanics
Qian Xuesen's research on combining the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of rare gases in 1946 is a pioneering work. 1953, he formally put forward the concept of physical mechanics, and advocated to determine the macroscopic mechanical properties of matter from microscopic laws, which changed the previous method of measuring mechanical properties only by experiments, greatly saved manpower and material resources, and opened up a new field of high temperature and high pressure. 196 1 year, the Lecture Notes on Physical Mechanics edited by him was officially published. Now the leader of this subject is Professor Gou Qingquan. 1984, Qian Xuesen suggested to Gou Qingquan that physical mechanics should be extended to the engineering and technical field of atomic and molecular design.
⑤ System engineering
Qian Xuesen not only refined the practice of China's aerospace system engineering into the theory of aerospace system engineering, but also put forward the concept of the overall design department of national economic construction in the early 1980s. He also insisted on applying the concept of aerospace system engineering to the whole country and national economic construction, and discussed the social system from the perspective of social form and open complex giant system. The social form of any society has three aspects: economic social form, political social form and ideological social form. Qian Xuesen proposed to divide the social system into three parts: social economic system, social political system and social consciousness system. Corresponding to the three social forms, there should be three kinds of civilization construction, namely, material civilization construction (economic form), political civilization construction (political form) and spiritual civilization construction (ideology). The construction of socialist civilization should be the coordinated development of these three civilizations. From a practical point of view, it is social system engineering that ensures the coordinated development of these three civilizations. From the reality of reform and opening up, we need not only economic system engineering, but also social system engineering.
⑥ System science
Qian Xuesen's most important contribution to system science is that he developed systematics and methodology of opening complex giant systems.
⑦ Thinking science
Artificial intelligence has become a hot topic in the world, but academic thoughts are in a state of chaos. In this context, Qian Xuesen stood at the forefront of the development of science and technology, and proposed to establish a science and technology department-thinking science, which scientifically summarized the ideas that had been discussed and debated in China's philosophical circles in the 1930s, but could not be clearly stated at that time. Outstanding contributions are as follows:
(1) In the early 1980s, Qian Xuesen proposed to establish the Department of Thinking Science and Technology. He believes that thinking science is a science dealing with consciousness and brain, spirit and matter, subjective and objective, and is a major department of modern science and technology. The need of computer technology revolution has promoted the scientific research of thinking.
(2) Qian Xuesen advocated that the development of thinking science should be combined with the work of artificial intelligence and intelligent computers. According to his personal experience in developing applied mechanics, he pointed out that the research of artificial intelligence and intelligent computer should take applied mechanics as a reference, take the road of integrating theory with practice, and actually need theoretical guidance. The theoretical basis of artificial intelligence is the basic scientific thinking in thinking science. The way to study thinking is to look for it from the achievements of philosophy, and thinking actually evolved from philosophy. He also believes that the establishment of image thinking is a breakthrough in the current scientific research of thinking, and it is also the core issue of artificial intelligence and intelligent computers.
(3) Qian Xuesen applied the systematic scientific method to the research of thinking science, and put forward the systematic view of thinking, that is, based on the thinking process of logical units, he gradually built a first-order thinking system with a single thinking type, that is, he built abstract thinking, image (intuitive) thinking, social thinking and unique thinking (inspirational thinking). The second is to solve the problem of second-order open thinking system; Finally, decision-making consultation is an open giant system with high-order thinking.
8 human science
Qian Xuesen is an advocate of human body science in China.
Qian Xuesen put forward the theory of "functional state of human body" to describe the open and complex giant system of human body and study the structure, function and behavior of the system. He believes that Qigong and specific function are a functional state, which puts the research of Qigong, specific function and TCM system theory in an advanced scientific framework and occupies an important position in the research of Qigong and specific function. Under the guidance of Qian Xuesen, researchers from Beijing Institute of Aerospace Medical Engineering began to study the functional state of human body at 1984. They use the method of multidimensional data analysis to integrate many physiological index variables measured by human body into change points that can represent the whole system of human body and its position in a multidimensional phase space composed of various variables, and move them to a relatively stable position, that is, the position of target and target ring. They found the respective targets and rings of human awakening, sleep, alertness and qigong functions. In this way, the theory of system science is embodied in the human body system, and the research of human body science has objective indicators and scientific theories.
Pet-name ruby science and technology system and Marxist philosophy
Qian Xuesen believes that Marxist philosophy is the highest generalization of human understanding of the objective world and modern science and technology (including scientific and social sciences). Qian Xuesen summarized the development of contemporary science and technology into ten closely related science and technology departments. The division method of these ten science and technology departments is another innovation of Qian Xuesen's scientific classification method by using Marxist philosophy, especially system theory.
Third, anecdotes
(1) The soul is the childlike innocence of China people.
"I have always believed that I will be able to return to my motherland. Today, I finally came back! " This is a very emotional remark made by Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist and rocket expert in China, to the comrades of China Travel Agency who received him when he returned to Guangzhou from the United States on 1995 10. He returned to China with his wife and two young children.
1In August, 935, Qian Xuesen went to the United States to study and study aviation engineering and aerodynamics as a public student. Before returning to China, he was the director of the California Institute of Technology Supersonic Laboratory and the director of the Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center.
Great changes have taken place in the motherland. 1 949 65438+1October1The first five-star red flag fluttered over Tiananmen Square. Five days later is the traditional festival of our nation-Mid-Autumn Festival. On this day, Mr. and Mrs. Qian Xuesen celebrated this festival with a dozen international students from China. While enjoying the moon, they poured out their hearts, rejoiced in the birth of the motherland and looked forward to the bright future of the motherland. At this time, Qian Xuesen had a strong desire to return to the motherland as soon as possible and serve the country with his expertise.
At this time, the land of Korea ignited the bonfire of war. As the U.S. imperialism that started this war, there is a crazy political counter-current against * * * * at home, and almost every day there are incidents of censorship and threats to censor personnel of universities and other institutions. Without exception, this countercurrent also spread to California Institute of Technology. Due to the arrest of Weinbaum, secretary of the Marxism-Leninism Group of the college, the suspicion of the FBI fell on Qian Xuesen.