1, agriculture and agro-industry, mainly grain, cotton, oilseeds, sugar, meat, vegetables, forest tending, fast-growing and high-yield forests, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, plastic films, applicable agricultural machinery and spare parts.
2. Light industry and textile industry, mainly sugar, salt, paper, yarn, cloth and chemical fiber.
3, infrastructure and basic industries, mainly coal, agricultural materials and foreign trade key products transportation and passenger transportation; Local telephone, long-distance telephone and telex in the post and telecommunications industry; Coal, electricity and oil in the energy industry; Steel, nonferrous metals and basic chemical raw materials in raw material industry.
4. Machinery and electronics industries, mainly large-scale electromechanical complete sets of equipment, electromechanical instrument integrated products, and high value-added export-oriented electromechanical products.
5. High-tech industries, mainly aerospace, new materials and bioengineering technology.
6. Export products with good economic benefits, especially processed products.
(2) Products whose production is strictly restricted (except export products) include:
1, automobiles and motorcycles outside designated places in China; Ordinary electromechanical products with low performance are mainly ordinary machine tools and forging equipment.
2. Products with high electricity consumption in advance are mainly air conditioners, hot and cold fans, rice cookers and vacuum cleaners.
3. The high-consumption products produced with scarce raw materials in China are mainly aluminum doors and windows, aluminum-copper architectural decoration products, cans, chemical fiber carpets, etc.
4. The products with backward production methods, serious waste of resources and environmental pollution are mainly indigenous coking, gasoline and diesel power generation, indigenous smelting of non-ferrous metals and indigenous sulfur.
5, inferior liquor, ordinary artificial leather, ordinary artificial fur and so on.
(3) The products whose production is stopped are:
Nonferrous metal mines, chemical mines, coal mines, etc. Unlicensed mining; 437 obsolete products in batch 10 published by the former Ministry of Machinery (Committee); Textile machinery eliminated by the Ministry of Textile; The first batch of eliminated products of construction machinery announced by the Ministry of Construction and other six departments. (1) Industries and products that mainly support capital construction are:
1, basic industries, mainly: (1) the construction of commodity grain, cotton and oil bases in agriculture and the development of wasteland suitable for agriculture; Fast-growing and high-yield forest in forestry; River management in water conservancy industry; Fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. (2) The important material transportation channel and important passenger hub facilities in the transportation industry are mainly coal; Busy long-distance communication, postal service and telecommunications hub in post and telecommunications industry. (3) Coal, electricity, oil and natural gas in the energy industry. (4) Steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals and petrochemicals in the raw material industry.
2. Equipment industry: mainly large-scale power generation equipment and corresponding power transmission and transformation equipment, integrated circuits and communication equipment.
3. Light industry: mainly paper making, sugar making and salt making.
4. Export products with good foreign exchange earning efficiency, especially processed products.
Water supply and drainage, pollution control and public transportation in social public facilities necessary for production and people's life in large and medium-sized cities.
(two) to stop or strictly limit the basic construction of industries and products are:
1. All construction projects with restricted or discontinued products will be stopped.
2. The products with insufficient raw material supply and excess processing capacity mainly include (1) wool spinning, cotton spinning, polyester filament, polypropylene fiber, chemical fiber carpet, reeling, electric fans in general plastic processing, light industry and textile industry, mechanical watches, refrigerators and washing machines. (2) bias tires and general chemical reagents in the chemical industry. (3) Copper and aluminum processing (except those listed in the national plan), tungsten, tin and antimony smelting in the non-ferrous metal industry. (4) marble and granite plates, plastic doors and windows, aluminum alloy doors and windows in the building materials industry. (five) automobiles, motorcycles and color TVs in the electromechanical industry other than those designated by the state.
3. Small iron and steel, small non-ferrous metals, small ferroalloys, small chemicals, small refineries (except crude oil that cannot be transported in remote areas), small building materials and small paper making that do not meet the requirements of economic scale and have poor economic benefits and serious pollution. (1) Industries and products that mainly support technological transformation are:
1, the application of agricultural and forestry science and technology and the projects that are conducive to the cultivation of improved varieties and the promotion of new technologies.
2, the textile industry is conducive to the development of new products, improve product quality and grade, meet the needs of domestic and foreign markets.
3, machinery, electronics industry is conducive to improve the technical level of basic machinery, basic technology, basic parts, components, major complete sets of equipment, expand exports, digest and absorb imported technology and realize localization projects.
4, transportation, posts and telecommunications, energy, raw materials projects.
5. Energy conservation and comprehensive utilization of energy and raw materials.
6. Export projects with good economic benefits. Export: We should adopt active policies to develop foreign trade to ensure the country's foreign exchange income, thus supporting the country's economic production and construction. It is necessary to further adjust the structure of export commodities and gradually increase the proportion of finished products, especially deep-processed products and mechanical and electrical products, according to the international market demand; Strive to improve the quality of export commodities, strive to improve the grade of export commodities and create exchange rates. Domestic sales and exports should be arranged as a whole, and some commodities rich in resources and not needed at home should be exported as much as possible; Some goods that are needed in domestic and foreign markets should be squeezed out for export; The bulk resource commodities related to the national economy and people's livelihood should be exported in strict accordance with the plan; Products that are in short supply at home should be restricted or prohibited from export. At the same time, according to the characteristics of China's shortage of resources and abundant labor force, the international market is used to actively carry out processing of incoming materials, sample processing, assembly of incoming parts, compensation trade and discharging.
Import: ensure the import of important materials related to the national economy and people's livelihood; Reasonably arrange the introduction of advanced technology, equipment and key parts, and the import of important raw materials and materials in short supply in China, so as to protect people's livelihood, support production and improve technical level. At the same time, according to the situation of domestic industrial structure and consumption policy, appropriate arrangements are made for imported products to adjust the domestic production and demand structure and promote the development of national industries.
Problems to be clarified in perfecting China's industrial policy.
The purpose of formulating industrial policy is to solve the problem of balance and efficiency of resource allocation. Under the condition of market economy, market mechanism plays a fundamental role in the process of resource allocation, that is, the relationship between market supply and demand and price leverage adjust the direction and scale of investment, and the competition mechanism determines the advance and retreat and survival of enterprises. As a kind of government behavior, industrial policy is mainly used to correct market failures and make up for market defects. Under the market economy led by developing countries and governments, industrial policies also have the functions of implementing catch-up strategy, enhancing industrial competitiveness, and promoting industrialization and modernization. From the nature and scope of industrial policy, it can be divided into two categories. One kind of supervision belongs to the government, which must be followed by all economic entities, such as market access standards, competition rules, tariff policies, international trade rules and so on. The other is the development planning, investment and financing and tax policies formulated for individual industries with particularity. The former belongs to industrial policy in a broad sense, while the latter belongs to industrial policy in a narrow sense.
At present, China needs to make clear some understandings and methods when formulating industrial policies and choosing strategic industries.
First of all, distinguish between broad industrial policy and narrow industrial policy. Industrial policy in a broad sense is a common behavior of the government in managing the economy. Although the forms are different, they are all aimed at standardizing the behavior of economic subjects and the order of market competition and safeguarding national interests. Both the United States and the European Union boast that they have no industrial policies, but in fact, the "30 1 Clause" implemented by the United States, frequent trade retaliation measures and non-tariff barriers such as product safety and environmental protection technical standards implemented by the European Union belong to broad industrial protection policies. And the industrial policy we usually say mainly refers to the narrow industrial policy.
Second, adhere to the particularity of the economic development stage of developing countries, and formulate industrial policies should not accommodate the excessive demands put forward by industrialized countries. In the world economic division of labor system and international trade relations, developing countries and developed countries actually have unequal competition because of their different levels of economic development. In order to narrow the gap between developing countries and developed countries in industrial development, it is necessary for developing countries to implement local catch-up strategy and support and protect some weak industries.
Third, combine the basic role of market mechanism in resource allocation with the guiding role of industrial policy. The development of most competitive industries should be mainly guided by market demand and competition mechanism, and the responsibility of the government lies in formulating market access rules and standardizing market competition order. Therefore, the focus of industrial policy should be to support and protect a few industries that are related to the overall national economy and national strategic interests and have limited market role. But this kind of support and protection must also follow the laws of market economy and be consistent with the direction of market regulation.
Fourth, the formulation of industrial policies must be accompanied by corresponding economic, legal and necessary administrative means. Some industrial policies introduced in China in the 1990s are mostly product catalogues that encourage or restrict development, and there are no corresponding safeguard measures. The result is often that the encouraged products rush into the frenzy, and the enterprises whose development is restricted are "limited but not dead"; At the same time, there has also been a problem that the supported industries can't help. A successful example is "Several Policies to Encourage the Development of Software Industry and Integrated Circuit Industry" issued by the State Council on June 24th, 2000, which puts forward policies and measures to encourage the development of the industry in the aspects of software enterprise identification system, investment and financing, taxation, income distribution, talent attraction and training, and intellectual property protection. The introduction of this policy has effectively promoted the development of China's software industry. The enlightenment is that the goal of industrial policy should be detailed and targeted, and the policy measures should be specific and operable.
Fifth, as for which industries can be liberalized and which industries need government support and protection, the government, industries and universities should study together to form a * * * knowledge. Judging from the past experience and lessons, the automobile industry, which should have been liberalized earlier, is too slow. Under the protection of long-term high tariffs, it is not conducive to improving the competitiveness of the automobile industry, but also encourages scattered, chaotic and poor low-level redundant construction to protect the excess interests of multinational companies in China. On the other hand, agriculture is the most competitive industry in China, and farmers are the most vulnerable group in all social strata. This situation is difficult to change in a short time, so government support and effective protection policies are especially needed.
Sixth, combine the utilization of foreign capital with the transformation of traditional industries and the promotion of industrial upgrading. The situation that domestic bank deposits exceed loans shows that the lack of investment projects with good returns is the main reason for the relative excess capital. Generally speaking, it is not the main purpose of China to use foreign capital to make up for the domestic capital gap and the market supply gap, but it should be the main goal of using foreign capital to make up for the high-tech gap. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the strategy and tactics of utilizing foreign capital, that is, the focus of introducing foreign capital should be to promote the technological transformation of traditional industries and develop technology-intensive industries.
Seventh, prevent the "hollowing out" of industrial technology sources. The "hollowing out" of industry has two meanings: first, it refers to the transfer of manufacturing industry in one country or region to other countries and regions, which leads to the reduction of local employment opportunities, the decline of market demand and the slowdown of economic growth, such as what happened in Japan, Taiwan Province Province and Hongkong, China. Second, technology-intensive industries have no core technology, forming a technical dependence on multinational companies. The first kind of hollowing-out mainly occurs in developed countries and regions, but its national income is still a net inflow. The second kind of "hollowing out" mainly occurs in developing countries, and its consequence is that the terms of international trade deteriorate and technology is subject to people. At the present stage, what China wants to prevent is mainly the "hollowing out" of the second core technology. Therefore, we should shift from joint venture and cooperative production to the introduction of technology; The foreign capital introduced must bring advanced technology, and insist on Chinese holding as much as possible; The way of technology introduction is changed from purchasing equipment to purchasing manufacturing technology, and efforts are made to enhance the digestion and absorption ability of imported technology; Scientific research and development must aim at industrialization, and lay the foundation for the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements from the aspects of R&D and production system arrangement, operation mechanism and organization mode.
Eighth, the meaning of strategic industry and its choice target. To speed up the development of China's strategic industries, we must first define what is a strategic industry. The so-called strategic industry occupies an important position in the national economic system and has a great influence on the national economy and military security. Under the conditions of socialized mass production and specialized division of labor, every industry has its importance. In a series of industrial clusters, how to choose strategic industries or key industries in a specific development stage needs to be determined according to the objective requirements of national economy, national defense security and participation in international competition, as well as the outstanding contradictions to be solved.
Specifically, the choice of strategic industries in China at this stage needs to achieve the following objectives: First, as a big country, China should strive to achieve a peaceful rise within 20 years, not only by giving full play to its comparative advantages of abundant labor resources and vigorously developing labor-intensive industries, but also by seizing the opportunity to promote industrial upgrading and enhance the competitive advantages of capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries. In the international division of labor system, the choice of strategic industries should be conducive to changing the OEM situation of multinational companies, improving international trade conditions and promoting the upgrading of export product structure. Second, China has a large population and limited resources. In this case, industrialization, urbanization and modernization are all facing the contradiction and difficulty of resource shortage, especially the shortage of high-quality energy. The choice of strategic industries should focus on solving these contradictions and difficulties. Thirdly, in international political and military relations, it remains to be studied whether the cold war against China by some countries will really end. Therefore, it is an unavoidable strategic task to establish a national defense science and technology industry based on modern high technology, develop high-tech weapons and equipment and realize national defense modernization. Energy-and technology-intensive machinery and equipment manufacturing, high-tech industries with information technology as the guide, and high-tech weapons and equipment research and development and manufacturing should be regarded as strategic industries in China at this stage.