IDC originated from the ICP's need for high-speed Internet interconnections, and the United States remains the world leader. In the U.S., carriers set the network interconnection bandwidth so low to protect their own interests that users had to put a server at each service provider. In order to solve this problem, IDC came into being, to ensure that customer hosting servers from the various networks to access the speed of no bottleneck. IDC is not only the center of data storage, but also the center of the data flow, it should appear in the Internet network where the data exchange is most concentrated. It is accompanied by people's hosting and web hosting services put forward higher requirements of the situation and arise, in a sense, it is evolved from the ISP's server hosting room. Specifically, with the rapid development of the Internet, the website system on the bandwidth, management and maintenance of the growing high demand for many enterprises pose a serious challenge. Thus, the enterprise began to web hosting services related to all things to the IDC specializing in providing network services to do, and will focus on enhancing the core competitiveness of the business to go. Visible, IDC is the Internet business division of labor more refined product.
Data centers have their roots in the early huge rooms within the computing industry. Early computer systems were complex to operate and maintain and required a special environment to operate. Connecting all the components required a lot of cables, which in turn gave rise to methods of provisioning and organization, such as standard racks to house equipment, raised floors, and cable trays (which were mounted overhead or under raised floors). Similarly, older computers required a lot of power and had to be cooled to prevent overheating. Security is very important - computers are very expensive and are often used for military purposes. Basic design guidelines to control access to computer rooms were therefore devised. In the booming microcomputer industry, especially in the 1980s, computers began to move around with little or no operational need in many cases. However, as information technology (IT) evolved and operations began to become complex, companies gradually recognized the need to control IT resources. With the advent of client-server computing, in the 1990s microcomputers (known as servers) began to find their place in old computer rooms. The availability of inexpensive network equipment, plus new standards for network cabling, made it possible to place servers in a room within a company using a tiered design that was recognized at this moment and continues to grow in popularity. The data center boom came in a dot-com bubble. Companies needed fast Internet connectivity, as well as systems that were constantly deployed and appeared on the Internet. Installing such equipment was not feasible for many small companies. Many companies began to build very large installations, called Internet Data Centers (IDCs), which provided commercially viable solutions for system deployment and operation. New technologies and practices were designed to handle measurement and the operational demands of such a large measurement operation. Since 2007, data center design, construction and operation is a well known discipline. Standard documents from trusted expert groups, such as the Telecommunications Industry Consortium, detail the needs of data center design. The operational rhythms of data center availability are known to be able to be used to assess the impact of business interruptions. There is a lot of development being done in operational practices and designing data centers for friendly environments.
IT operations are one of the most critical aspects of business for most organizations. A major concern is business continuity; companies rely on their information systems to run their business. If a system becomes unavailable, the company's operations can be crippled or stopped altogether. It is necessary to ensure a reliable infrastructure organization for the IT business to minimize the possibility of disruption. Information security is also a concern and for this reason, a data center has to provide a secure environment to ensure that the possibility of a security breach is minimized. A data center must therefore maintain high standards for the integrity and functionality of its host environment. This is accomplished through dual redundant fiber optic cables and the inclusion of emergency backup power generation.
TIA-942:Data Center Standards Overview describes the requirements for data center infrastructure. The simplest is a Tier 1 data center, which is basically a computer room with basic computer system installation guidelines. The most pressing need is for a Tier 4 data center, designed to host mission critical computer systems that are fully redundant and divided into secure areas that are biometrically controlled for access. Another consideration is the arrangement of the data center's underground contents for data security and environmental considerations, such as cooling requirements.
A data center occupies a room in a building, one or more floors, or even an entire building. Much of the equipment is often housed in racks with 19-inch compartments. These racks are placed in rows, creating a corridor. This allows people to access the compartments from the front or the back. Servers vary greatly in size from 1U servers to storage in individual silos, with storage taking up many floor tiles. Some devices, like mainframe computers and storage devices are often as big as their racks and are placed next to them. Very large data centers can use shipping containers, each of which can hold 1,000 or more servers; when repairs or upgrades are needed, the entire container is replaced rather than repairing individual servers. Locally compiled code can be controlled with minimal ramp-up. The physical environment of the data center is tightly controlled: × Air conditioning controls the temperature and humidity of the data center. ASHRAE's "Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments" recommends a temperature of 20-25 °C (68-75 °F) and a humidity of 40-55%, with optimal conditions in the data center of 17 °C as the maximum dew point. conditions of 17 °C as the maximum dew point. Power supplies heat the air in the data center. Unless the heat is removed, the temperature will continue to rise, causing the power supply unit to fail. By controlling the air temperature, the server components maintain the manufacturer's stated temperature/humidity range at the shelf level. The air conditioning system helps control humidity by cooling the space air that comes and goes below the dew point. If it is too humid, water begins to concentrate on the internal components. If the air is dry, the auxiliary humidity system adds water vapor, and if the humidity is too low, it will lead to electrostatic discharge problems, which will damage components. Underground data centers are able to spend less than conventional designs to keep computer equipment cool. × Modern data centers try to use economizers for cooling, where they use outside air to keep the data center cool. Washington State now has several data centers that use outside air to cool all of their servers 11 months a year. They don't use chillers or air conditioners, and they create potential energy savings in the millions. × A backup power supply consists of one or more uninterruptible power supplies and, or diesel engines. × To prevent a single point of failure, all electrical system elements, including the backup system, are typically fully replicated, and critical servers are connected to two power supply ("A-Side and B-Side) areas. This arrangement is often used to accomplish N+1 redundancy of systems. Static power gates are sometimes used to ensure instantaneous switching from one to the other in the event of a power failure. × Data centers typically use raised 60 cm (2 ft) floors with removable square tiles. The trend is now toward 80-100 cm (31.5-39.4 in), with the free area increased to better ensure air circulation. This supply is for adequate circulation of air underground as part of the conditioned system and also to provide space for power cables. Data cables in modern data centers typically use overhead cables. However, some still place them under the floor for safety reasons and it is necessary to add cooling systems in the racks. Smaller/less expensive data centers do not have raised floors but instead use static tiles on the floor. Computing cables are often placed in corridors to ensure maximum airflow efficiency. × A feature of data centers is the fire protection system, incorporating both passive and active design elements and the implementation of fire protection procedures in the business. Smoke detectors are fitted, which can raise an alarm by detecting the point of origin of smoke from a stew before there is a flame. This permits investigation, interrupts the power supply, and makes it possible for someone to use a fire extinguisher to put out the fire before it gets bigger. An automatic sprinkler system is often used to control a fire that grows into a large fire. Automatic sprinkler systems require 18" of clearance under the sprinkler. In contrast to sprinkler systems, clear event extinguishing gas systems are sometimes installed for early fires. Passive fire protection elements include firewalls around the data center, so large fires can be contained relatively easily in the event that a large fire protection system fails or is not installed. × Physical security also performs a large role in the data center. Physical access locations are often restricted to selected personnel and contain security control systems. Video surveillance and permanent security alarms are often used in large data centers or data centers that contain confidential information.
Today's communications in data centers are often network-based, running IP control groups. Data centers contain a series of routers and switches that carry traffic between servers and the outside world. redundancy in Internet connectivity is often provided by two or more upstream service providers (see Multihoming). Some data center servers are used to run basic Internet and corporate network services needed by internal users in the organization, such as email servers, proxy servers, and DNS servers. Network security elements are also often configured: for example, firewalls, VPN gateways, intrusion detection systems. There are also monitoring systems for the network and some applications. Additional off-site monitoring systems are also typical, in case communications within the data center fail.
The main purpose of a data center is to run applications to process data for commercial and operational organizations. Such systems belong to and are developed in-house by the organization or bought from enterprise software vendors. Like general purpose applications there are ERP and CRM systems. A data center may focus only on the operational architecture or provide other services as well. Often these applications consist of multiple hosts, each running a single artifact. Often this artifact is databases, file servers, application servers, middleware, and a variety of other things. Data centers are also often used for non-work site backups. The company may be scheduled to be served by the data center. This is often used in conjunction with backup tapes. Backups can put things local to the server on tape, however, tape storage sites are also vulnerable to fire and flood security threats. Larger companies may send their backups to a non-workplace. This can be accomplished by the data center by dropping it back. Encrypted backups can be sent over the Internet to another data center for safe keeping. For disaster recovery, various large hardware vendors have developed mobile device solutions that can be installed and operational in a short period of time. Vendors like Cisco Systems, Sun Microsystems, IBM and HP have developed systems that can be used for this purpose. [1]
[2] IDCs can provide some of the following specific service programs to their users. Server Load Balancing Service: As the content of the website increases and the number of functions increases, the number of servers supporting the website starts to increase. The server load balancing service of the website can balance the communication load between all servers in the server group according to the actual server response time, thus improving the site performance and responsiveness while reducing the occurrence of errors. Site Acceleration Service: A site acceleration service can make a server tens to hundreds of times more efficient in handling encryption/decryption work for the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol, thereby improving the responsiveness of a site's secure transactions. By adopting this service, a website can maximize the use of its Internet server investment to ensure the security of e-commerce transactions without sacrificing the speed of website access. With China's Internet to the extraordinary speed of forward development, business users of IDC demand is also growing, and with the transformation of telecommunications operators business, a variety of data services are also emerging, such as China Telecom to carry out the implementation of the Internet Star Plan, China Mobile's IDC business system is also recognized by more and more users, as its main business platform IDC is also receiving more and more attention, and the security is one of the focus. Security is one of the focuses. Today, not only the domestic IDC business is growing rapidly, the international IDC enterprises in the booming development, with China's accession to the WTO, China's foreign trade is increasing,
[2] Internet Data Center (Internet Data Center) referred to as IDC. that is, the company that owns a server to the server into the data center, which is what we usually call the server rental and hosting as well as
[1] IDC is the main business platform of China Mobile, and security is one of the focuses. and hosting and
related other businesses.
Internet Data Center (Internet Data Center) referred to as IDC, is the use of existing Internet communication lines, bandwidth resources, the establishment of standardized telecom professional-level server room environment, for enterprises, the government to provide server hosting, leasing and related value-added and other aspects of the full range of services. Through the use of telecommunications IDC server hosting business, enterprises or government units do not need to establish their own specialized server room, laying expensive communication lines, and do not need to hire network engineers with high salaries, you can solve their own use of the Internet, many professional needs. IDC hosting hosting the main scope of application is the website publishing, web hosting and e-commerce, etc. For example, the website publishing, the unit through the hosting hosting, the hosting hosting, the hosting, and so on. For example, website publishing, units through the hosting host, from the telecommunications department assigned to the Internet static IP address, you can publish their own www site, their products or services through the Internet to promote a wide range of; virtual host is a unit through the hosting host, the host's massive hard disk space to rent, for other customers to provide virtual hosting services, so that they become an ICP service provider; e-commerce is that E-commerce refers to the establishment of one's own e-commerce system through the hosting of hosting, through this business platform to provide suppliers, wholesalers, distributors and end-users with perfect services. IDC is the Internet Data Center. It is rapidly developed along with the demand of the continuous development of the Internet, and has become an indispensable and important part of China's Internet industry in the new century. It provides large-scale, high-quality, safe and reliable specialized server hosting, space rental, network wholesale bandwidth as well as ASP, EC and other businesses for Internet Content Providers (ICP), enterprises, media and various websites. At present, there is no authoritative definition of IDC (Internet Data Center), but it has a deeper connotation than the traditional data center, which is developed along with the needs of the continuous development of the Internet to provide ICP, enterprises, media and various types of websites with large-scale, high-quality, safe and reliable specialized server hosting, space rental, network wholesale bandwidth, as well as ASP, EC and other businesses. Data center has appeared in the era of mainframe, at that time, it is in order to provide mainframe management and maintenance to enterprises through hosting, outsourcing or centralized way, in order to achieve the purpose of professional management and reduce the operating cost. IDC is the place for hosting the server group of enterprises, merchants or websites; it is the infrastructure on which various modes of e-commerce rely on to operate in a safe manner, and also is the place to support enterprises and their Business alliance its distributors, suppliers, customers, etc. to implement the value chain management platform. IDC has two very important distinguishing features: the location in the network and the total network bandwidth capacity, which constitutes a part of the network infrastructure resources, like the backbone network, access network, which provides a high-end data transmission (Data Delivery) services, to provide high-speed access to the service.
IDC: As a company name means International Data Corporation (International Data Corporation), the world's leading provider of consulting, advisory and event services specializing in the information technology, telecommunications industry and consumer technology markets. In the IT field of market tracking data has become the industry standard. IDC officially set up a branch in China in 1982, is the earliest to enter the Chinese market of the world's leading market research company. IDC is IDG (International Data Group) (International Data Group) subsidiary. IDG is also the first U.S.-funded venture capital firm to enter China, and the first to enter the Chinese market, the company is the first U.S.-funded venture capital firm. The man you often see, Xiong Xiaogeng, is from IDG China.
One, dual-IP dual-line implementation
Dual-IP dual-line implementation refers to the installation of two NICs on a server, respectively, access to the telecom network line and Netcom network line and set up a Netcom IP and a telecom IP, so that a server has two IP addresses, you need to add a Netcom or telecom routing table on the server to realize the Netcom users and telecom users access from different lines. need to add a Netcom or Telecom routing table to the server to enable Netcom users and Telecom users to access from different lines respectively. Dual-IP dual-line has two common ways to use:
1. ICP users set up two different IP addresses in the website link, Netcom users click on the Netcom IP to access the server, telecom users click on the telecom IP access.
2. The use of BIND9 (DNS server software) for different IP address requests to return to a different server IP function to realize the Netcom users requesting a domain name to return to Netcom's IP, telecommunications users requesting a domain name to return to the IP of the telecom, the way this is the IDC proposed by some of the intelligent DNS program. Dual IP dual-line to a certain extent to improve the speed of Netcom and Telecom users to access the site, but the disadvantage is that the server access to the dual network card must be set up on the server routing table, which increases the difficulty of maintenance for ordinary users, and all the packets need to be routed on the server to determine and then sent to a different network card, when a large number of visits to the server resources take up a lot. This program is the simplest dual-line solution and is generally limited to smaller IDC providers.
Two, single-IP dual-line
Ordinary single-IP dual-line refers to the server to set up an IP, the IP is a Netcom IP or telecom IP, through the routing equipment to set up the packet is through the telecom network or the Netcom network to send out to realize the dual-line technology. This solution can also improve the access speed of Netcom users and telecom users, to solve the problem of dual-IP dual-line needs to be set up on the server routing, but because the IP address is used in the Netcom or Telecom IP, access to the user in the request packet will not be automatically sent to determine the best route. Therefore, this solution can only be described as a half-dual-line technical solutions, is a transitional form of solutions. This program is generally used for single-line IDC service providers to dual-line IDC service providers in the transition period of the temporary program.
Three, single-IP dual-line with BGP protocol
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) protocol is mainly used for interconnection between the Internet AS (autonomous system), BGP's most important function is to control the propagation of routes and select the best route. China Netcom and China Telecom both have AS numbers (autonomous system numbers), and most of the major network operators in the country are interconnected with their own AS numbers through the BGP protocol. To realize dual lines by using this scheme, it is necessary to apply for IDC's own IP address segment and AS number in CNNIC (China Internet Information Center), and then broadcast this segment of IP address to other network operators such as Netcom and Telecom through BGP protocol, and after interconnection by BGP protocol, all the backbone routing equipments of Netcom and Telecom will judge the best route to the IP segment of the IDC room to ensure high-speed access of Netcom and Telecom users. The BGP protocol is used to interconnect all backbone routing devices of Netcom and Telecom to determine the best route for the IP segment of the IDC server room, so as to ensure the high-speed access of Netcom and Telecom users. The following are the advantages of using this program: 1. The server only needs to set an IP address, the best access route is determined by the backbone router on the network according to the number of routing hops and other technical indicators to determine, will not take up any of the server's system resources. 2. the upstream routing of the server and the downstream routing of the server. The server's upstream routing and downstream routing can choose the optimal path, so it can really realize high-speed single-IP dual-line access. 2. Because the BGP protocol itself has redundant backup, loop elimination characteristics, so when the IDC service provider has more than one BGP interconnection line can realize the mutual backup of routes, in the case of a line failure, the routes will be automatically switched to the other line. 3. The use of BGP BGP protocol can also make the network has a strong scalability can be interconnected with other operators IDC network, easy to realize the single IP multi-line, to do all the interconnections of the operator's user access are very fast. This is not comparable to dual-IP dual-line. Although the BGP program is the best solution, but because this program requires IDC providers to invest in equipment and bandwidth investment is large and technically more complex, so the current domestic use of this program is limited to the strength of the professional IDC service providers. To sum up, the above various ways of dual-line realization have their own advantages and disadvantages, dual-IP dual-line cost is lower, but the network is not stable enough and take up a lot of server resources, ordinary single-IP dual-line is only part of the effect of dual-line so the access speed is not good, the CDN method is good for static web pages, but for the interactive web pages is not very good, BGP single-IP dual-line solves all the above problems, is the best way to achieve, but the domestic use of this program is limited to the strength of professional IDC service providers. BGP single-IP dual-line solves all the above problems and is the best way to realize it, but there are fewer IDC service providers adopting such a program in China, and it will be the optimal solution if BGP single-IP dual-line is combined with CDN acceleration. The country has a lot of data centers with BGP technology solutions, but most of them provide services for special customers, and few of them have server rooms for ordinary users and IDC providers.