Part 1 Argumentative Essay

Three elements of argumentative essay: argument, argument and demonstration (clear argument, solid argument, rigorous argumentation)

1 , Characteristics of arguments: ①Correct ②Clear method of summarizing arguments:

1. Title 2. Beginning of article 3. End 4. Middle:

①Summarize arguments through induction** *To infer the argument from the same point ② Summarizing words reflect the sentence of the central argument (for example: It can be seen from this; I think; in short...) ③ First find the topic of the article, and then find similar recurring topics in the article based on the topic If it is judgmental, combine similar terms and finally summarize.

Note: The sentence of the inductive argument must be a complete and clear affirmative sentence.

2. Arguments Factual arguments (such as real events, historical facts, statistical materials, specific figures, etc.) Theoretical arguments: (including generally accepted principles, formulas, definitions, rules, laws, famous aphorisms, etc.) The main points of the inductive argument: ×× person + how to do it (aspects closely related to the argument) + results Note: There may be some quotations that are not famous quotes, but specific facts, which are factual arguments.

3. Argumentation methods and their functions: example argumentation (example argumentation), quotation argumentation (doctrinal argumentation), metaphorical argumentation, contrastive argumentation (positive and negative contrastive argumentation)

1. Illustration method (Present facts): Specific, typical and fully prove a certain argument.

2. Quotation method (reasoning): What is quoted to prove a certain argument and make the argument persuasive.

3. Metaphorical evidence (reasoning): vividly illustrate a certain argument, making the reasoning more understandable.

4. Comparative method (reasoning): Through comparison, a certain argument is highlighted to make the reasoning more vivid.

4. Analyze the expression method of argumentative essays 1. Narratives in argumentative essays are often very general, and their function is to use facts to prove a certain point of view or proposition.

2. There are sometimes vivid descriptions in argumentative essays, whose function is to prove a certain point of view more vividly and vividly.

3. The lyricism in the discussion will make the discussion more contagious and more popular.

5. Language characteristics of argumentative essays: rigorous and accurate 6. Argument methods: establishing arguments and refuting arguments 7. Argument structure: raising questions (introduction) - analyzing problems (thesis) - solving problems (conclusion) )

The second part of the narrative

1. Common narrative clues

1. Character clues: the character’s experiences, experiences or deeds 2. Object clues: a certain person Items of special significance.

3. Emotional clues: the changes in thoughts and feelings of the author or the main characters in the work.

4. Event clues: central event 5. Time clues 6. Location change clues. Find clues: ①The title of the article ②Things that appear repeatedly in each paragraph ③The lyrical sentences in the article ④The author's thoughts and feelings (changes) ) ⑤ The role of a certain character’s knowledge and experience: the content of the article is put together in an orderly manner, the character’s thoughts and character, and the ins and outs of things.

2. Narrative order 1. Sequential narration: that is, writing in the order of the occurrence, development and ending of things (in chronological order)

Function: to make the article clear, with a beginning and an end, and give people A vivid impression.

2. Flashback: Write what happened later in the front, and then narrate it in order.

Function: Avoid straightforward narration, enhance the vividness of the article, and make the article fascinating.

3. Narration: During the narrative process, due to the needs of the content, the original plot narrative is interrupted, relevant plots or events are inserted, and then the original narrative is continued. (For example: recalling past events) Function: to supplement and bring out the central content of the article (characters or events), enrich the plot, and deepen the theme.

3. Character description methods 1. Portrait (appearance) description [including demeanor description] (describing the character’s appearance, clothing, expression, posture, etc.): explaining the character’s ×× identity, ×× status, XX's situation, experience, XX's psychological state, XX's thoughts and personality, etc.

2. Language (dialogue) description 3. Action (action) description: vividly express the character’s psychology (mood), and reflect the character’s character traits or spiritual quality . Sometimes it also promotes the development of the plot.

4. Psychological description: The image vividly reflects the character’s thoughts and reveals the character’s character or quality.

4. Environment description: description of natural environment and social environment. Description of natural environment (describing natural landscapes such as weather, seasons, mountains, rivers, lakes and seas, etc.): rendering the atmosphere of ×× environment and highlighting the character of ×× Emotions, predicting the character's fate, and promoting the development of the storyline.

Social environment (describes social conditions or scenes of character activities and the surrounding (indoor) layout and furnishings): explains the background of the ×× era in which the story takes place, and renders the ×× environmental atmosphere.

5. Analysis of the meaning of words or sentences in the narrative 1. Analyze the meaning of the words in combination with the specific context (that is, specific sentences, paragraphs, articles, contexts).

2. Pay attention to the emotional color of words (compassionate, derogatory, neutral), and understand the original meaning, extended meaning, metaphorical meaning, polysemy, etc. of the word. 3. Pay attention to the tone or intonation. 4. Focus on the matching between words and sentences. 5. Focus on the size and severity of word meaning range. 6. Pay attention to the implicit meaning (for example: explore the ontology or the symbolic meaning of things in the metaphorical sentence, and express it in plain language)

6. The function of the opening sentence of the narrative 1. Opening point ×× question; 2. Summary Get the full text; 3. Cause the following and pave the way for the following ××.

4. Set up suspense and arouse readers’ interest or thinking. 5. Pave the way for the following × To pave the way for the following ×× plot 5. Promote the development of the plot 8. The role of the closing sentence of the narrative 1. Point × × Center, sublimate the theme; 5. It is thought-provoking, enlightening and endlessly memorable. 6. Topic 7. Echoing before and after 8. Echoing from beginning to end 9. The role of sentences in expressing expressions 1. Exaggerating the atmosphere of XX ××Theme (Deepening the Center) 10. Summarize the central meaning of the narrative 1. Find the title of the article; the lyrical argumentative sentences at the beginning and end of the paragraph. 2. Connect and summarize the main ideas of the main paragraphs of the article, and then point out the thoughts, feelings, attitudes, etc. expressed by the author. (Especially in lyrical prose) 3. We can also analyze it from the background of the times. 4. Judge from the author’s attitude towards characters or things.

11. Summarize the meaning of the paragraph (1) Summary method: find the central sentence in the text as the meaning of the paragraph (sometimes the central sentence needs to be appropriately deleted)

(2) Summarization method :Example 1: (narrative paragraph) describes +×× person (organization or unit) +×× time and place+under what circumstances+does××+results. (Pay attention to what the original text emphasizes) For example 2: (descriptive paragraph) describes +×× scenery+×× characteristics.

For example 3: (argumentative essay) uses XX argumentation method (or argument) + demonstrates XX point of view from XX perspective (aspect). For example 4: (Lyric paragraph) What kind of feelings are expressed. (3) Combination method: Some passages have more than two main contents, and phrases expressing these contents must be combined into sentences.

Part 3 Novel 1. Three elements of the novel 1. Character 2. Plot 3. Environment (natural environment/social environment.) A. Beginning: explain the background and pave the way for the following. B. Development: portray characters and reflect personality. C. Climax: express conflict and reveal the theme. D. Ending: deepen the theme and leave you thinking.

The overall function of the plot: making the novel rich, vivid and tortuous, which can strengthen the character, deepen the theme and enhance the artistic appeal.

2. Expression methods: narrative, description, explanation, lyricism, and discussion.

A. Narration: an explanation and statement of the character’s experience and the development and changes of things.

Function: It can integrate all aspects of description, promote the development of the storyline, and deepen readers' understanding of characters and events. In argumentative essays, it is used as factual evidence to prove an argument.

Example 1: He is gone. Example 2: We climbed the mountain.

B. Description: Use vivid language to describe and portray characters, events and environments in detail.

Function: It can realize the concreteness, vividness and perceptibility of literary images.

Example 1: He is a tall and thin old man, with gray beard and hair, and wearing big glasses.

Example 2. I looked in the direction he pointed and saw the light strip of the searchlight shooting straight into the sky through the flying snow flakes.

C. Lyrical: An expression technique in which the author expresses the subjective feelings and thoughts and feelings triggered by a certain medium in his work to enhance the color of certain scenes or highlight the character of the characters.

Function: To express some strong subjective feelings of the author. It plays the role of exaggerating the atmosphere of the environment, emphasizing the character and quality of the characters, and highlighting the center of the article. Arouse readers' screams and make the article more contagious.

1. Direct expression of emotions (often express one's heart directly, with strong emotions)

Example 1: In "The Last Lesson": Ah, those bad guys, they posted them on the town hall bulletin board Yes, that’s what happened! My last French class!

Example 2: Oh, Peking University, Peking University, you have given me too much, too much. Example 3: Motherland, mother! I love you, China!

2. Indirect lyricism (Lyricism through scenery: expressing emotions through description of scenery.) Example 1: "My Uncle Jules" by Maupassant: "We got on the ship, left Qianqiao, and walked in a peaceful place. "The sea is like a green marble table sailing into the distance." - expresses the character's joyful and excited mood: "In front of us, there seems to be a purple shadow emerging from the sea in the distance. " - expresses the character's disappointment and frustration. .

D. Discussion: The author directly expresses his attitude, emotion and evaluation of the characters and events in the work.

Function: 1. In narrative style, there are two ways to discuss: first narrate and then discuss, and first discuss and then narrate. The former is unique, thought-provoking and inspiring; the latter can quickly make readers think about the things to be described and draw readers' attention to the following. 2. Discussion in prose will play a finishing touch on the characteristics or meaning of the image. 3. Argumentation is mainly about expounding opinions in argumentative essays.

E. Explanation: It is the explanation and introduction of things and events. Function: Make readers clearly understand the things and characteristics being explained. Example 1: This table is square.

3. Analyze the character image 1. Analyze various descriptions of the characters, and accurately grasp the characters’ thoughts, emotions and even personality.

2. Grasp the conflicts between the characters (harmony) and analyze the intricate relationships between the characters.

Part 4 Explanatory Text

1. How to grasp the characteristics of the explanation object A, title B, first paragraph C, key sentences (for example: statements that use the explanation method, central sentences) 2. Explain the classification of methods and the classification and function of signs:

1. Give examples: concretely and truly explain the ×× characteristics of things.

2. Classification: clearly explain the ×× characteristics of things.

3. Use an analogy: vividly explain the ×× characteristics of the thing, which enhances the interest of the article.

4. Column numbers: describe the ×× characteristics of the thing specifically and accurately.

5. Comparison: Highlight the characteristics (status, influence, etc.) of the object being explained.

6. Definition: Concisely and thoughtfully reveal the essence and characteristics of the object being explained. Connotation makes the explanation more rigorous.

7. Column charts: intuitively and vividly explain the ×× characteristics of things.

8. Quotes: Use quotations to illustrate the characteristics of things and enhance persuasiveness, such as quoting ancient poems, proverbs, and sayings.

3. What are the markings for these explanation methods?

⑴Definition:... is..., this is..., called...⑵Category: There are several categories (species), one is..., the other is...⑶Give examples : For example, another example, such as, another example, such as, just give some examples.

⑷To compare: and, compare... and... compare two things.

4. Explanation order ⑴ Spatial order: Explain the shape and structure of things, mostly in the structure of buildings, such as up and down, far and near, left and right, inside and outside, east, west, north, south, etc.

⑵ Time sequence: Explain the development and changes of things.

⑶ Logical sequence: explain things, and explain more about the internal connections between things.

A. Talk about the general part first and then the subdivided parts: total - points; points - total; total - points - total B. First the main points and then the secondary ones.

C. Cause first and then result. D. From phenomenon to essence. E. From performance to function.

F. From general to special. G. From the whole to the part.

5. Characteristics of expository language 1. Characteristics of expository language: accurate, plain, concise (scientific sketch: vivid)

6. Classification of expository text 1 According to the object of explanation: physical objects Expository essays, expository essays (explaining the principles of things or how to use them, etc.) 2 are divided according to language characteristics: plain expository essays, literary expository essays (scientific sketches or knowledge sketches) (explanatory essays with vivid and vivid language, mostly using description) Part 5 Prose (narrative prose) , lyrical prose, argumentative prose) 1. To grasp the "clues" of the article

2. To grasp the "writing eye" of the prose

The "writing eye" refers to the article that best reveals the topic , sentences or key words that sublimate the artistic conception and cover the content. It is the outlet for the author's thoughts and feelings, the focus of the article's thoughts and feelings, and it also plays a controlling role in the structure of the article.

3. Use imagination to understand the connotation of the work.

Reading prose requires imagination, association and supplementation. Integrate your own imagination with the author's imagination to enrich the artistic conception and image of the work and fill the structural space in the text.

Fourth, we must understand the artistic conception of prose.

Artistic conception means that the author expresses profound thoughts and touching feelings through vivid pictures, so as to achieve the fusion of emotions and objects and the interweaving of meaning and scenery, so as to arouse readers' associations and produce moving artistic effects.

1. Integrate emotions with scenery and blend scenes.

2. The use of imagination, association and symbolism

3. Write down details and see the big from the small.

4. Side hints.

5. Carefully taste the language of prose. (Analysis from rhetorical methods or expressions)

1. Appreciate the simplicity and natural beauty of prose language.

2. Appreciate the implicit beauty of prose language.

3. The prose language is rich in musical beauty and poetic.

6. Characteristics of prose: "Shape" (material) is scattered but "spirit" (center) is not scattered

6. From the author’s description perspective (listening, sight, smell, taste, touch)

Part 6 Chinese Knowledge

1. Commonly used rhetorical methods

< p> (1) Metaphor: vividly describes the ×× characteristics of things; used in argumentative essays, it can make abstract principles concrete and profound principles easy to understand. Example 1: The narrow wooden board is a flying sharp arrow. The small triangle sail is a big colorful wing. Example 2: Countless arrows shot up from the ground, and thousands of waterfalls fell from the roof.

(2) Personification (making things have human expressions, movements, language, psychology, etc.): Its function is to make the written "things" bright in color, vivid in description, and rich in meaning.

Example 1: Peach trees, apricot trees, pear trees, you won’t let me, I won’t let you, they are all full of flowers.

(3) Exaggeration: Reveal the ×× essence of things, heighten the ×× atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power, and arouse strong reactions from readers. Example 1: My white hair is three thousand feet tall, and I am as long as I am due to worry. Example 2: She was drunk before she even had a drink.

(4) Parallelism: It can enhance the momentum of language. When used to reason, the truth can be explained more closely and thoroughly; when used to express emotions, it can express feelings vividly. Example 1: On the long road, there are always relatives who get along day and night, with much advice, care, filial piety, and selflessness.

(5) Duality: Make the language concise and neat. In form, the syllables are neat and well-proportioned, the rhythm is strong, and the music is beautiful; in content, it is concise and concentrated, with strong generalization ability. Example 1: It has been forty years since I left my hometown, and the geese and fish have disappeared; the moon has been missing for five hundred years, and my dreams have haunted my soul. Example 2: The mountains and rivers are ignorant, and the butterflies and geese are ruthless; but they treat human beings the most fairly and treat them equally, that is, they will not show off and laugh because of the dignitaries, nor will they be stingy with the beauty and beauty because of the fishermen and woodcutter in the mountains.

(6) Quotes: expository essays and narrative essays: they not only enhance persuasiveness, but also make the article poetic and interesting. In argumentative essays, using it as an argument can enhance the persuasiveness of language and make the argument more complete.

Example 1: Li Bai, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, once wrote, "The sound of someone's jade flute flies darkly, spreading into the spring breeze and filling Luo City." (7) Question: Function: emphasize the problem, attract people's attention, and inspire People think. Used at the beginning or end of a paragraph, it not only arouses thinking, but also serves as a transitional link between the previous and the next; used in argumentative essays, it can make the argument in-depth and clear. Example 1: What pigments do white flowers contain? White flowers have no pigment at all.

(8) Rhetorical questions - serve to emphasize and enhance the affirmative (negative) tone. Example 1: Chairman Mao is like this, what else can we be proud of? Example 2: "Didn't we, the working people, create the human world?" (9) Metaphorism: Substituting simplicity for complexity, reality for emptiness, wonder for the ordinary, things for emotions, can highlight the image and make it concrete , vivid effect.

Example 1: The bearded man roared fiercely. Example 2: Don’t take advantage of the masses.

Example 3: Our era needs thousands of Lei Feng.

(10) Contrast: Highlight the characteristics of one of the objects.

Example 1: Some people are alive, but they are dead; some people are dead, but they are still alive.

(11) Repetition: Emphasize the content of what is said (a certain emotion or meaning).

Example 1: "Looking forward to, looking forward to,..." emphasizes the eagerness of hope.

Example 2: It seems that if three provinces are lost, the party-state becomes more like a country. If the three eastern provinces are lost, no one will respond, and the party-state becomes more like a country.

(12) Irony: Use irony to enhance the effect of expression. Some are sarcastic and revealing, while others express close and friendly feelings.

Example 1: (Students studying abroad in the Qing Dynasty) also have their braids untied and tied flatly. They take off their hats and they are shiny, just like a little girl’s bun. They also twist their necks a few times, which is really beautiful. Awesome.

2. Common writing methods and expression techniques

Association, imagination, symbolism (to support things to express aspirations), comparison, contrast, foil, contrast, foil, see the big from the small, borrow scenes Lyricism (blending of scenes), foreshadowing and foreshadowing, echoes (echoing), direct (indirect) description, elevating and suppressing (suppressing first if you want to promote, and elevating first if you want to suppress).

(1) Symbol (supporting things) Expression of emotions: Expressing emotions through chanting objects, often relying on the characteristics of certain specific plants, animals, objects, etc. to express the author's feelings euphemistically and tortuously.

Function: First, it expresses abstract matters into concrete perceptible images. Secondly, you can make the article more subtle, use the things in front of you, and express far-reaching meanings.

(2) Set off: Use other bodies to set off the main body from both the front and back angles. Function: highlight the ×× characteristics of the ontology. (3) Contrast: Compare two opposite things or two opposite aspects of a thing.

Function: Distinctively highlight the ×× characteristics of the main thing or the main aspects of the thing.

(4) Expressing emotions through scenes: expressing some sincere thoughts and feelings of the author by describing specific and vivid natural scenes or life scenes.

Function: To blend scenes and make the article full of poetry and painting.

(5) First suppress and then promote: first deny or belittle the image of the thing, then dig into the characteristics and inner meaning of the thing, and then affirm and praise the thing. Function: highlight the characteristics of the thing (person) .

(6) Profile (indirect) description: Profile highlights the character's personality, conduct and skills, making the article structure more concentrated and compact, and the expression more concise and concise.

The combination of direct and indirect description methods can make the characteristics of the described characters or scenery more vivid and prominent.

(7) Foreshadowing and foreshadowing: Function: The content is taken care of before and after, and the plot is tightly integrated.

(8) Anaphora: Narrative: Make the article coherent, have a strong sense of whole, and highlight the theme.

Argumentative essay: Strengthen XX argument. Prose: express ×× emotions repeatedly to increase the depth of emotion.

(9) Association: the psychological process of thinking from one thing to another.

Function: Enrich the content of the article, make the characters fuller, the personality more distinctive, and the plot more vivid and touching.

(10) Imagination: The psychological process of creating a new image based on the original perceptual image.

Function: Serving to shape the image and express the theme. Make readers accept the influence of beauty.