Reducing costs and improving efficiency is an important part of promoting the structural reform of the agricultural supply side, and it is also the hallmark of modern agriculture and the direction of development. How to effectively reduce the cost of agricultural production in order to promote the transformation of the mode of agricultural development, it is worthwhile for scholars of agricultural economics to explore in depth.
1 Moderate scale operation, reduce the average cost
When agriculture is caught in the "small-scale, part-time trap", it will not be conducive to cost reduction and transformation of the mode of agricultural development; and a variety of forms of moderate scale operation of agriculture in reducing costs has a leading function, is conducive to the adoption of modern factors of production and modern production methods. Production methods. The scale of operation of more than 30 acres of farmers, the use of agricultural machinery, new varieties, new technologies and social services will significantly increase the rate of direct production costs and indirect production costs can be reduced to reduce farmers' production expenditures; can be comprehensively improve the land output rate, resource utilization and labor productivity, resource allocation effect and agricultural science and technology progress effect is obvious, and is conducive to improving the unit yield. For example, large-scale operation of rice mu average mechanical cultivation operating costs can be reduced by 25-30 yuan, mu average savings of more than 30% of medicine, yields are generally higher than about 50 kilograms.
Therefore, we should adhere to the main position of farmers' family management, and actively develop various forms of moderate scale operation: firstly, cultivate new management main body and drive the development of moderate scale operation. By the end of 2014, China has 3.41 million large agricultural professional households and family farms, 1.29 million cooperatives, and more than 120,000 leading enterprises. The level of its organization and scale can be improved through the innovative development of the joint, cooperation and industrialization of the main body of the operation, through the specialized division of labor and agricultural social services to achieve the whole industry chain services, cost sharing, and effectively reduce the cost; secondly, the innovation of the agricultural land system to guide the land shareholding and cooperation system, and save the cost of rent through the agricultural land share dividends and so on; thirdly, through the innovation of the institutional mechanism such as the adoption of the loan subsidy, risk compensation, Financing credit, venture capital funds, agricultural insurance and other ways to reduce financing costs.
To strengthen the land transfer and large-scale management services, really let the results of large-scale agricultural operations to benefit the majority of farmers.
2 Development of agricultural science and technology, reduce the cost of multiple
Many bottlenecks faced by agricultural development can be found in scientific and technological progress to crack the "key".
Agricultural scientific and technological progress can improve agricultural productivity. The emerging "3R" technology from the water, land, fertilizer, materials, energy saving and other aspects of the start, can reduce agricultural inputs, reduce material costs. Precise fertilization, soil testing and formula fertilization technology can reduce the use of fertilizer by 20%-30% without reducing the yield, and reduce the total cost by 15%-20%.
Agricultural mechanization can reduce labor costs. The low level of mechanization of bulk crop production is the main factor leading to high labor costs. In recent years, a new round of scientific and technological revolution has injected a strong driving force for the transformation and upgrading of China's agriculture, which has significantly increased agricultural labor productivity. China's agricultural labor productivity in 2014 was more than six times that of 2000.
Therefore, attention must be paid to the transformation and promotion of agricultural research achievements. To strengthen the structural reform of the supply side of agricultural mechanization and agricultural machinery and equipment, the introduction of a new period of agricultural mechanization support policy system, to promote the mechanization of the whole process of agricultural mechanization, full mechanization, give full play to the integration of agricultural machinery technology, cost savings and efficiency, and promote the important role of large-scale operation. At the same time vigorously carry out the education and training of new professional farmers to help them improve their agricultural science and technology literacy.
3 Innovative business system, reduce transaction costs
Currently, China's agricultural industrialization in the level of industrial integration is not high, the interconnectivity between the agricultural industry is not strong, the diversification of the agricultural division of labor is difficult to appear, pushing up the transaction costs between the main body of the business.
Therefore, efforts should be made to build a modern agricultural management system and increase the integration of agricultural industries in order to save operating costs. Agricultural socialized services should be promoted through agricultural organization, through the cultivation of new agricultural service subjects and the development of agricultural service market, inducing the vertical division of labor and service outsourcing for farming, planting, management and operation, expanding the division of labor economy in agriculture, and at the same time, broadening the financing channels of agricultural business subjects, effectively reducing the operating costs of agricultural business organizations. And further increase the integration of the agricultural industry can trigger significant changes in industrial functions, forms, organizational methods and business models, enhance the overall development of the agricultural industry, and realize the reduction of transaction costs. For example, China's annual post-production loss of 300 billion yuan of agricultural products, agricultural by-products and processing by-products of more than 60% did not get recycling, high-value utilization and step-by-step utilization, the integration of agricultural products processing industry has great potential for development.
Specifically, we should adhere to the integrated development of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries as a working path, and y promote the agricultural structural adjustment, improve and perfect the agricultural industry chain, and create a modern agricultural industrial system. We should strengthen the construction of agricultural circulation facilities and markets, innovate the circulation of agricultural products, support the construction of production bases of leading agricultural enterprises, and support cooperatives to develop processing and circulation and direct supply and marketing; we should improve the cross-regional cold chain logistics system for agricultural products, reduce the logistics costs of agricultural products, and develop the clustering of industries such as demonstration bases of agricultural industrialization and demonstration zones of modern agriculture, so as to reduce the cost of searching for transaction subjects; we should reduce the cost of searching for agricultural products through the "Internet + modern agriculture" approach, the extensive use of the Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data and other modern information technology, to reduce the cost of information in the transaction; to integrate and extend the agricultural industry chain, through the signing of long-term cooperation contracts to reduce the cost of bargaining, decision-making costs, supervision costs.
4 Promote green development, reduce the cost of pollution
In the past, China's agricultural production belongs to the crude growth model, which has caused great pressure on resources and the ecological environment. According to data from relevant departments, China's fertilizer use per hectare of arable land is as high as 397.5 kilograms, the amount of pesticide application per unit area is 2.5 times the world average, the country's moderately and heavily polluted arable land has reached 50 million mu, and the per capita arable land and freshwater resources are facing the threat of urbanization and industrialization pollution.
Therefore, China's agriculture must strive to realize green development. To strengthen the protection and efficient use of agricultural resources. The implementation of agro-ecological protection and restoration, improve the overall plan for the management of outstanding agricultural environmental issues; to develop intensive agriculture. In accordance with the requirements of the green yield model research, expand soil testing and formula fertilization, precision fertilization, comprehensively promote the reduction of drugs, water control and other integrated technologies, the implementation of zero-growth action of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and promote the resourceful use of waste from the breeding industry and harmless treatment projects; to comprehensively use economic, legal and necessary administrative means, to build a resource-saving and environmentally friendly agriculture; to control the transfer of emissions from industrial and urban pollution, and to reduce the Exogenous pollution into agriculture.
5 Construction of rural public **** financial, relying on financial "squeeze effect" to reduce the cost of agricultural input
"Squeeze effect", refers to the effect of increased government spending caused by the reduction of private investment.
For a long time, due to the relative backwardness of China's agricultural infrastructure and basic public **** services, farmers' own inputs remain high, becoming a constraint on the short board of agricultural development. In fact, the construction of farmland water conservancy infrastructure and high-standard farmland is not only conducive to the new effective irrigation area, improve the effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water, but also conducive to enhancing the comprehensive production capacity of agriculture. The construction of modern agricultural demonstration zones, agricultural product processing industry logistics parks, agricultural industrialization demonstration parks and other construction, on the other hand, can generate agglomeration economy.
Therefore, it is necessary to insist that industry feeds agriculture, urban support for the countryside, accelerate the construction of rural infrastructure, and steadily improve the level of basic urban and rural public **** equalization of services. To integrate construction funds, innovative investment and financing mechanisms, large-scale promotion of high-standard farmland construction and farmland water conservancy construction, to provide more public **** items for farmers, resulting in a financial "crowding out effect", thus saving the cost of production of farmers; to improve the requirements of the development of modern agriculture to adapt to the agricultural science and technology promotion system, for the grassroots promotion of agro-technological Public welfare and business service institutions to provide accurate support; to play a guiding role of financial funds, prying the main body of large-scale operations to increase productive inputs.